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1、2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,1,科技英语学习策略与研究,科技英语翻译,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,2,What Is Translation?,1. Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another - Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 2. Expressing in another language, systematically, retaining the original sense - American Heritage Dict
2、ionary 3. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. - Eugene A. Nida,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,3,Translation Norms,1. 信(faithfulness) 达(expressiveness/smoothness) 雅
3、(elegance) -严复 2.宁信而不顺 (rather to be faithful in thought than smooth in language ) -鲁迅 3.重神似不重形似 (alike not only in form but also in spirit)-傅雷 4.化境(reaching the acme of perfection)-钱钟书,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,4,英汉在词法上的异同,1、英语词类有八种(如名词、动词、形容词等)是与汉语的词类相似的。但冠词(the, a, an)和引导词(it, there)是英语特有的,而量词(如:个、种、
4、只、条、张等)和语气助词(如:吗、呢、啊、了、吧等)是汉语特有的。 2、汉语中动词出现频率远远超过英语,原因是汉语介词少,没有非谓语动词等。而这些词义汉语一般用动词表达。 3、英语中名词的使用较广泛,在科技语体或较正式文体上更明显,而在汉语上往往用动词,如: Decrease of corrosion resistance, 抗腐蚀性能降低。 Determination of testing method, 确定试验方法。 4、英语一词多义现象很普遍。科技英语中词义相对稳定,但一词多义还是不少。而汉语的词义则很少一词多义。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,5,英汉在句法上的异同,1
5、、 从词序上看,英语的基本句型主干成分词序与汉语基本一致。英语基本句型有以下几种: 1)、S+V (主+谓) 2)、S+V+P (主+谓+表) 3)、S+V+O (主+谓+宾) 4)、S+V+O1+O2 (主+谓+间宾+直宾) 5)、S+V+O+C (主+谓+宾+宾补),2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,6,2、英语句法结构重形合(hypotaxis),而汉语重意合(patataxis)。英语句子各成分都有适当的关联词来反映成分之间的并列、主从、因果、递进、让步等关系,而汉语中各成分通常是借助意义承接起来,很少用关联词,因此往往以简单的单句和并列句出现。 3、英语中按表达目的将句子分
6、为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句,或按句子结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句。而在汉语中一般只分为叙述句、描写句和判断句三种。如: 叙述句:这些工人在作机床。 描写句:这台机床性能很好。 判断句:这台机床是中国制造的。 从以上三种句型可发现下列特点: 1)、只有叙述句能表示主语的动作和行为。 2)、判断句中谓语动词一般有判断词“是”。相当于英语系动词“be”。 3)、在叙述句、描写句中插入判断词,并在句末加“的”,则可把它们转换为判断句。如上述前两个例子可改为: 这些工人是作机床的。 这台机床性能是很好的。 了解这些特点,有助于翻译中正确运用句型。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,7,
7、Translation Principles of EST,1. 准确规范 the newly developed picture tub a unique instant-picture system,电子的运动叫电流。,译文1:The electric movement is called electric flow. 译文2:The movement of electrons is called electric current.,最新研制成功的显像管,独特的瞬时显像装置,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,8,2. 连贯顺畅 The loads a structure is s
8、ubjected to are divided into dead loads, which include the weights of parts of the structure, and live loads, which are due to the weights of people, movable equipment, etc. 译文1 :一个结构物受到的荷载可分为包括该结构物各部分重量的静载和由于人及可移动设备的重量引起的活载。 译文2:一个结构物受到的荷载可分为静载与活载两类。静载包括该结构物各部分的重量。活载则是由于人及可移动设备等的重量而引起的荷载。,2019/4/15
9、,科技英语学习策略与研究,9,3. 简洁明晰 When the moon changes it position, so do the orientation of the tide-generating forces and the position of the equilibrium tide. 译文:月亮的位置改变时,引潮力的取向和平衡潮的位置也随之改变。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,10,4. 逻辑严谨 The 20th century will not be remembered as the era when space was conquered, or the
10、 power of the atom harnessed ,but that in which were made the first machines having intelligence. 译文1:将来人们回忆起20世纪的时候,不会把它看成是征服了太空和利用了原子动力的世纪,而是看成制造了首批具有智能的机器的世纪。 译文2:如果在20世纪世不制造出具备智能的首批机器,我们就不会称为20世纪为征服宇宙的世纪或者称之为原子能利用的世纪。 译文3:只有在20世纪制造出了具有智能的首批机器,我们才会将20世纪称为征服宇宙的世纪或利用原子能的世纪。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,11
11、,Translation Processes,Comprehension Formulation comprehension formulation SLText TL Text,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,12,Translation Approaches to EST,Translation of words Translation of technical terms or neologism transliteration e.g. clone hacker free translation e.g. modem free transliteration e.g. na
12、nometer pictographic translation e.g. X-ray,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,13,Modern communication facilities were equipped in each fishing boat , so the fishermen could get in touch with each other at any place. 每条渔船都装有先进的通讯设备,因此渔民们可以在任何地方都能保持联系。 Regulations regarding the handing of hazardous wastes have be
13、come more stringent and complex. Facilities can no longer ignore their wastes. 有关有害废物处理的条例已经更严厉、更复杂,厂家再也不能对其产生的废物置之不理了 All the facilities in this lab should not be taken out without permission. 未经允许,所有器材不能带出实验室 The site ideally should have sufficient lands to provide a buffer zone between the facili
14、ty and the public surrounding it. 理想的处理现场在设施及周围公共环境之间应有足够的隔离区域。,2. Translation in the context,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,14,e.g. 1. The yeast (酵母) hasnt worked now. 2. The machine works properly. 3. The lift is not working. 4. The mine has long been worked. 5. The threads of the screw(螺丝) work hard.,2019
15、/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,15,Keys: 1. 酵母现在还没有发酵。 2. 这台机器运转正常。 3. 电梯失灵了。 4. 这个矿已经开采很久了。 5. 这螺丝的螺纹太涩了。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,16,3. Other techniques Conversing e.g. (prep. v.) 1) A force is needed to move an object against inertia. 译文:为使物体克服惯性而运动,就需要一个力。 e.g. (v. n.) 2) The design aims at automatic operation,
16、easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity. 译文:设计的目的在于自动操作,调节方便,维护简易,生产率高。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,17,(一)转译成汉语动词 汉语中行为和动作的表示多用动词,而英语中可用名词、分词、形容词、副词等。因此汉译时把英语各词类转译成汉语动词的现象较多。 Let us take a closer look at what happens in the lamp filament(灯丝), the connecting wires, and the coils(线圈) of th
17、e instruments. To design is to formulate a plan for the satisfaction of a human need. All modern engineers must be familiar with computer.,让我们再仔细检查一下这些仪器中的灯丝、接线及线圈出了什么问题。,所谓设计就是议定某种方案以满足人们某种需求。,现代的工程师都必须熟悉计算机的应用。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,18,(二)转译成汉语名词 英语某些动词、形容词或形容词化的分词可译成汉语名词。 (1)The book is intended
18、to serve as an introduction to pressure vessel design for the student, and as a design basis for the practicing engineer. (2)A material balance is based on the law of conservation of matter.,本书的宗旨是向学生介绍压力容器设计入门知识,同时也为从事实际工作的工程师提供设计基础知识。,物质平衡是以物质守恒定律为基础的。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,19,(三)转译成汉语形容词 某些名词、修饰动
19、词或形容词的副词可译成汉语的形容词。 The capacity to move information quickly and inexpensively is due to entirely new uses of communications. 快速廉价的信息传递是由于通讯设备彻底更新的原因。 (四)转译成汉语副词 一些修饰名词的形容词或分词等可译成汉语副词。 A very brief description of the behavior of materials is provided in Chap. 2. (我们)从第二章很简要的阐述了这些材料的性能。,2019/4/15,科技英语
20、学习策略与研究,20,Through friendly cooperation, all the obstacles are swept away. The most widely used industrial welding method is arc(弧,电弧) welding. The equation(适用) is applicable to the general case. Proper valve(选择) selection is essential for a well-designed piping system.,要设计一个完善的管路系统必须选择合适的阀门。,该方程适用于
21、一般情况。,电弧焊是工业上最常用的焊接方法。,友好的合作排除了所有这些障碍。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,21,Omitting e.g. (omit the conj.) 1) Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 译文:几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。 e.g. (omit the link v.) 2) When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low. 译文:气压低,沸点就低。,2019/4/15,科技
22、英语学习策略与研究,22,1、某些冠词、连词、介词、代词、引词等可省译 When designing a gearset one cannot consider torque alone. 设计齿轮组时至考虑扭矩是不够的 2、某些动词及逻辑上或修饰上无需译成汉语的词可省略。 Visible light covers a wave length range of about 0.38 to 0.78 m. 可见光的波长范围约为0.380.78m。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,23,Adding e.g. 1) It may well improve long term weath
23、er forecasting. 译文:这会提高长期天气预报的准确率。 2) For example, if a factory closes down because it cannot meet government pollution standards, a large number of workers suddenly find themselves without jobs. 译文:比如,假如一家工厂因为在防治污染方面达不到政府所规定的标准而关闭,相当多的工人就会突然失业。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,24,1、英文句中有些词语省略后不影响含义,但译成汉语时有时需补
24、上。 The creep strength of stabilized stainless steels is superior to that of unstabilized steels. 经稳定化处理的不锈钢的蠕变强度比未经稳定化处理的不锈钢的蠕变强度高。 2、英语表示数量可用复数形式,但汉译时需加表示复数概念的词,如“许多、一批、一些等”。 Occasionally, it is convenient to divide a matrix into parts called submatrices. 有时,为方便起见可以把一个矩阵分解成几个子矩阵。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略
25、与研究,25,3、英译汉时为使译文语气连贯、通顺,需加适当的词。 Forces can be classified as internal and external. 力可以分为内力和外力两种。 4、某些抽象名词或有动作意义的名词需在其后加上适当名词以使含义更明确。 Minimizing corrosion is a key consideration for the designer. 设计者应考虑的一个关键问题是怎样使腐蚀降至最低程度。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,26,Translation techniques of long sentences,顺译法 e.g. An
26、y two single-stranded nucleic acid molecules can form double-stranded structures (hybridize) provided that they have sufficient complementary nucleotide sequence to make the resulting hybrid stable under the reaction conditions. 译文:任何两条单链核酸分子都能形成双链结构(杂交),只要在反应条件下它们拥有足够的核苷酸互补序列使获得的杂合体保持稳定。,2019/4/15,
27、科技英语学习策略与研究,27,分译法 e.g. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large number of identical parts being produced. 译文:制造方法可分为单件生产和大批量生产:单件生产是生产少量的机件,大批量生产则是生产大量相同的零件。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,28,合译法 e.g. The structure of the st
28、eel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled. 译文:钢的结构及最终特性,将视其加热程度及冷却快慢而定。(主从复合句合译),2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,29,变序法 e.g. With memories of the catastrophe still etched in peoples minds, it is no wonder that the Dutch planners took a keen i
29、nterest, when a quarter century later, scientists began suggesting that global warming could cause the worlds oceans to rise by several meters. 译文:因为对那场灾难的回忆仍然深深地铭刻在人们的心里,所以,当25年之后,科学家们提出全球性的变暖可能使全世界洋面上升几米时,荷兰的决策者们对之产生了强烈的兴趣就毫不奇怪了。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,30,特殊结构的翻译,定语从句的翻译 被动结构的翻译 比较结构的翻译 倍数表达法及翻译,20
30、19/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,31,定语从句的翻译,1、只要是比较短的,或者虽然较长,但汉译后放在被修饰语之前仍然很通顺,一般的就放在被修饰语之前,这种译法叫做逆序合译法。 The light wave that has bounced off the reflecting surface is called the reflected ray. 从反射表面跳回的光波称为反射线。,The speed of wave is the distance it advances per unit time.,波速是波在单位时间内前进的距离,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,32,2
31、、定语从句较长,或者虽然不长,但汉译时放在被修饰语之前实在不通顺的就后置,作为词组或分句。这种译法叫做顺序分译法。 例:Let AB in the figure above represent an inclined plane the surface of which is smooth and unbending. 设上图中AB代表一个倾斜平面,其表面光滑不弯。(顺序分译法) 设上图中AB代表一个其表面为光滑不弯的倾斜平面。(逆序合译法),Each kind of atom seems to have a definite number of “hands“ that it can use
32、 to hold on to others.,每一种原子似乎都有一定数目的“手”,用来抓牢其它原子。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,33,3、定语从句较长,与主句关联又不紧密,汉译时就作为独立句放在主句之后。这种译法仍然是顺序分译法。 例:Such a slow compression carries the gas through a series of states. each of which is very nearly an equilibrium state and it is called a quasi-static or a“ nearly static“ pr
33、ocess. 这样的缓慢压缩能使这种气体经历一系列的状态,但各状态都很接近于平衡状态,所以叫做准静态过程,或“近似稳定“过程。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,34,4、There + be句型中的限制性定语从句汉译时往往可以把主句中的主语和定语从句溶合一起,译成一个独立的句子。这种译法叫做溶合法,也叫拆译法。 例: There are bacteria that help plants grow, others that get rid of dead animals and plants by making them decay, and some that live in s
34、oil and make it better for growing crops. 有些细菌能帮助植物生长,另一些细菌则通过腐蚀来消除死去的动物和植物,还有一些细菌则生活在土壤里,使土壤变得对种植庄稼更有好处。 There is a one-seated which you could learn to drive in fifty minutes. 有一种单座式汽车,五十分钟就能让你学会驾驶。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,35,被动结构的翻译,译成汉语被动句 译成汉语的主动句 译成汉语的无主句 (Page 35-37),2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,36,Exe
35、rcise,Therefore logic must be used when making decisions, or when calculating or processing data.,因此,当做决定、计算、或处理数据时,我们必须采用逻辑。,If a computer is to function without direct human control, it must be given a set of instructions to guide it, step by step, through a process.,如果一台计算机能够工作,无需人的直接控制,那么必须给它一系列
36、的指令,以便在实现过程中一步一步地引导它工作。,The flowchart can be used by engineers and technicians.,流程图可被工程师和技术员利用。,Each terminal is packaged in an individual carton for protection during shipment.,每台终端在装运时均包装在单个的防护纸箱里。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,37,比较结构的翻译,在科技文献中,新的概念和技术能通过比较和对比的方式表述得更准确,使读者更易接受。然而,汉英两种语言在比较和对比不同事物时,表达方式多有
37、不同。英语的比较结构分为同级比较 (以as .as为典型 ) ,差级比较 (以more .than为典型 )和终级比较 (以most为典型 )。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,38,“asas”结构的翻译,1)译为“一样”、“相同” 例:In vacuum, light bodies will fall as fast as heavy ones. 译:在真空中,轻物体的下落速度与重物体的相同。 2)译为“多多” 例:Thus after a core has been read it has to be automatically reset to whatever it co
38、ntained previously, so that it can be read as often as we please without losing the 0 or 1 contained. 译:磁芯一经读出以后,就必须自动恢复原来储存的内容,这样需要读出多少字就能读出多少字,而不致丢失储存的0或1。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,39,3)译为“尽”、“极”、“最” 例:75F is about as low as mans temperature can fall without causing death. 译:华氏75度大约是人体体温不致死亡的条件下所能降到的
39、最低温度。 4)译为“倍”、“等于”、“之几” 例:Wire B has only one half as great a resistance as wire A. 译:B导线的电阻仅为A导线的1/2。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,40,倍数表达法及翻译,倍数表达法及翻译 1. A is N times as large (long, heavy .) as B 2. A is N times larger (longer, heavier .) than B 3. A is larger (longer, heavier .) than B by N times 的大小(长
40、度,重量 )是的倍,或比大(长,重 )倍。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,41,e.g. 1) A yard is three times longer than a foot. 译文: 一码等于三英尺。 (直译:一码的长度是一英尺的三倍。) 2) The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times heavier than the hydrogen atom. 译文:氧原子的重量几乎是氢原子的倍。 3) Mercury weighs more than water by about 14 times. 译文:水银比水重约十三倍。,2019/4/15,科技英语学
41、习策略与研究,42,Exercise,地球比月球大48倍,The earth is 49 times as big as the moon. The earth is 49 times bigger than the moon. The earth is bigger than the moon by 49 times.,这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍 .,This book is three times as long as that one. This book is three times longer than that one. This book is longer than that
42、 one by 3 times.,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,43,倍数增加的表达法及翻译 1.主语 double (treble, quadruple) double 可译成“增加一倍”或“翻一番” treble 可译成“增加两倍”或“增加到三倍” quadruple 可译成“增加三倍”或“翻两番” e.g. The growth rate of GNP (gross national product) per capita for China will be quadrupled by the year 2010. 译文:到2010年,中国人均国民生产总值增长率将翻两番。,
43、2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,44,2. increase N times; increase to N times; increase by N times; increase N fold; increase by a factor of N 增加到倍 增加了倍 e.g. A temperature rise 100 increases the conductivity of a semiconductor by 50 times. 译文:温度升高,半导体的导电率就增加到五十倍。,The production of integrated circuits(集成电路) has
44、been increased to three times as compared with last year.,集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,45,Exercise,化肥产量( The output of chemical fertilizer)比1986年增加了4倍。,The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986,那可使代谢率( metabolic rates)提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。,That can incre
45、ase metabolic rates by two or three times.,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,46,倍数减少的表达法及翻译,1. A is n times as small(light,slow,. )as B. A is n times smaller(lighter,slower,. ) than B. A的大小(重量,速度,)是B的1/n 或A比B小(轻,慢,)(n-1)/n。 E.g. 1. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/
46、16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 2. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,47,2 reduce by N times; reduce N times; reduce to N times; reduce by a factor of N; Note: decrease, shorten, drop, step down, cut down等均适用上述结构 减少了N分之N-1 减少到N分之1,2019/4/1
47、5,科技英语学习策略与研究,48,e.g. 1. The voltage has dropped five times. 译文:电压降低了五分之四。 (或:电压为原来的五分之一。) 2. The principal advantage over the old fashioned typewriter is a fourfold reduction in weight. 译文:比起老式打字机,主要的优点是重量减轻了四分之三。,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,49,2. half as much as;twice less than 比 少一半 比 少二分之一 e.g. 1. If
48、the moon were only half as far away from the earth as it is, the force of attraction would be 4 times as great. 译文:如果月球离地球的距离比现在短一半,则引力将为现在的四倍。 2. The power output of the machine is twice less than its input. 译文:该机器的输出功率比输入功率小二分之一。外,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,50,Exercise,In 1766 the English scientist Hen
49、ry Cavendish had shown that hydrogen was lighter than air by seven times.,在1766年英国科学家亨利 卡文迪什就已证明氢的重量为空气重量的七分之一。,这条自动装配线(assembly line)使装配时间减少了五分之四。,The automatic assembly line shortened the assembling time five times.,技术革新(Technical innovation)使生产成本降低了四分之三。,Technical innovation reduced the cost of production by four times.,2019/4/15,科技英语学习策略与研究,51,Exercise,Americas success as the first nation to reach the moon,
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