曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章.ppt
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1、,Thinking Like an Economist,Chapter 2,Copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.,Every field of stud
2、y has its own terminology,Mathematics,Psychology,Law,Every field of study has its own terminology,Economics,Supply,Demand,Elasticity,Consumer Surplus,Comparative advantage,Opportunity cost,Deadweight loss,Economics trains you to. . . .,Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual
3、and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.,The Economist as a Scientist,The economic way of thinking . . . Involves thinking analytically and objectively. Makes use of the scientific method.,The Scientific Method,Uses abstract models to help explain how a c
4、omplex, real world operates. Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.,Observation, Theory and More Observation!,The Role of Assumptions,Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand. The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptio
5、ns to make. Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.,The Economic Way of Thinking,Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches:,Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning),Economic Models,Econ
6、omists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world Two of the most basic economic models include:,The Circular Flow Model,The Production Possibilities Frontier,The Circular-Flow Model,The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transact
7、ions that occur between households and firms in the economy.,The Circular-Flow Diagram,Firms,Households,Market for Factors of Production,Market for Goods and Services,The Circular-Flow Diagram,Households Buy and consume goods and services Own and sell factors of production,Firms Produce and sell goo
8、ds and services Hire and use factors of production,The Circular-Flow Diagram,Markets for Factors of Production Households sell Firms buy,Markets for Goods & Services Firms sell Households buy,The Circular-Flow Diagram,Factors of Production Inputs used to produce goods and services Land, labor, and c
9、apital,The Production Possibilities Frontier,The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.,The Production Possibilities Frontier,Quantity of Computers Produce
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