《英语句子成分及练习.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语句子成分及练习.ppt(44页珍藏版)》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、语法复习- 句子成分及练习 一、句子成分 v(一)句子成分的定义: v构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 v句子成分有主要成分和次要成分; v主要成分有主语和谓语; v次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、 补足语、同位语和插入语。 二)主语: v主语 (Subject) 表示句子说说的是什么人或什么事. 是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句 首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主 语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于 谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可 由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词 、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 例如: 1.During the 1990s, American coun
2、try music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. (名词) (代词) (数词) (不定式) (动名词) (名词化的形容词) 7.When we are going
3、 to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. (主语从句) (it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式) (三)谓语 v谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或 具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语 ,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下 : v1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构 成。如: He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. (三)谓语 vv2
4、 2、复合谓语:复合谓语: (1 1)由情态动词加动词原形构成。如:)由情态动词加动词原形构成。如: You may keep the book for two weeks. You may keep the book for two weeks. (2 2)由助动词加动词原形)由助动词加动词原形, ,现在分词现在分词, ,过去分词过去分词 构成。如:构成。如: Do you speak EnglishDo you speak English? They are working in a field.They are working in a field. He has caught a ba
5、d cold. He has caught a bad cold. (3 3)由系动词加表语构成。如:)由系动词加表语构成。如: We are students.We are students. 注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致 。 (四)表语 v表语(Predicative) v用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份, 它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。 v表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及 表语从句表示。例如: 1.Our tea
6、cher of English is an American. (名词) 2.Is it yours? (代词) 3.The weather has turned cold. (形容词) 4.The speech is exciting. (分词) 5.Three times seven is twenty one? (数词) 6.His job is to teach English. (不定式) 7.His hobby is playing football. (动名词) 8.The meeting is of great importance. (介词短语) 9.Time is up.
7、The class is over. (副词) 10.The truth is that he has never been abroad. (表语从句) 注意:系动词(Linking verb)用于连接主语和 表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。 1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词 ,例如: He is a teacher. 2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状 况或态度,主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 3)表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念, 主要有se
8、em, appear, look, 例如: He seems (to be) very sad. 注意:系动词(Linking verb)用于连接主语和表 语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。 4)感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如: The river was beginning to run dry. 6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要
9、有 prove, turn out, 表达“结果是;证明是 “,之 意,例如: The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. (五)宾语 v宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承爱者, 一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如: 1.He is doing his homework. 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. (名词) (代词、动名词) (名词、
10、数词) 4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think(that)he is fit for his office. (名词化形容词,名词) (不定式短语) (动名词短语) (宾语从句) v宾语种类: v(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如: Lend me your dictionary, please. To: write, tell, pass, give, send,
11、promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等,例如 : He sent the novel to William yesterday. For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等,例如: She bought a gift for her mother. v(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如: vThey elected him their monitor. v下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask, agree, care, choose, de
12、mand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等,如: He refused to lend me his bike. v下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest 等,如: John has admitted br
13、eaking the window . v下列动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词做 宾语,但意义不同,如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。 v forget to do表示“未发生的动作”, forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如: v Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来) v I forgot returning the book to him. v(书已还给他了) v (六)宾语补足语 v宾语补足语(Object Complement) ,用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于 宾语之后,宾语
14、与宾语补足语一起构成 复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有: tell,let,help,teach, ask,see, have,order,make等。“宾补”一般 可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分 词、介词短语和从句充当。例如: 1.His father named him Xiaoming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found ev
15、erything in the lab in good order. 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. (名词) (形容词) (副词) (不定式短语) (现在分词) (介词短语) (从句) (七)定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定 语(Attribute)。 v定语可由以下等成分表示: 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词) 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分词) 3.There are
16、thirty women teachers in our school.(名词) 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词) 5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. (不定式短语) 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. (动名词) 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English. (介词短语) 8.She is the gi
17、rl who sings best in my class. (定语从句) (八)状语 v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明 动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语( Adverbial)。可由以下形式表示 : 1.Light travels most quickly. 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. (副词及副词性词组) (介词短语) (不定式短语) 4.He is in the room maki
18、ng a model plane. 5.Wait a minute. 6.Once you begin, you must continue. (分词短语) (名词) (状语从句) 9种状语种类如下: 1. How about meeting again at six? 2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into
19、 the basket with great care. (时间状语) (原因状语) (条件状语) (地点状语) (方式状语) v She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old. 9.I am taller than he is. (伴随状语) (目的状语)
20、 (结果状语) (让步状语) (比较状语) (九)同位语(Appositive)对前面的 名词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词 、数词、代词或从句担任,如: This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. (十)插入语(Parenthesis)对一句 话做一些附加的解释,通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等 ,如: To be frank, I dont quite agree with you. 练习 一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分: v1. The students got on the school bu
21、s. v2. He handed me the newspaper. v3. I shall answer your question after class. v4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! v5. They went hunting together early in the morning. S. Attribute O. Predicate Adverbial Attribute Adverbial Adverbial v6. His job is to train swimmers. v7. He took many photos of
22、the palaces in Beijing. v8. There is going to be an American film tonight. v9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. v10. His wish is to become a scientist. v11. He managed to finish the work in time. v12. Tom came to ask me for advice. v13. He found it important to master English. Attribute Predica
23、tive O. Predicate S. Predicate S. Predicative Predicate O. Adverbial AO.RO. v14. Do you have anything else to say? v15. To be honest,your pronunciation is not so good. v16. Would you please tell me your address? v17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. v18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean
24、and tidy. v19. He noticed a man enter the room. v20. The apples tasted sweet. O. Attribute Parenthesis O. Adverbial Adverbial AS. Predicative O.C. O.C. Predicative 划分句子成分 1.we are working . 2.I can swim very well . 3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me . 4.Why does the wind blow . 5.The rain h
25、as been pulling down for a whole day . 6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music . 7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone . 8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow . 9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed . 10.He gave his son some advice on reading . 11.
26、Read me the first paragraph . 12.Ive ordered some soup for you . 13.He began leaning English ten years ago . 14.My being late worried my teacher . 15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us . 16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone . 17.He
27、usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit . 18.I found the book in the corner of the room. 19.he finished lunch and went into the garden . 20.The telephone rang . 21.We study hard . 22.His father might have died . 23.Will you leave the door open when going out . 24.Can you make the dog stand
28、still ? 25.The landlord had them working day and night . 26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing . 27.We all breathe ,eat, drink . 28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning . 29.The book weighs five kilos . 30.They will be flying to London . 31.The shop assistant found some ce
29、rtain materials for me . 32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary. 33.Please pass a newly- published magazine to me . 34.He lived in Guang Zhou . 35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees . 36.His uncle left him some money . 37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village
30、children and she has taught us English for 3 years . 38.I like popular music . 39.She knows what to do next . 40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school . 二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的 主语()、谓语()、宾语(): vI hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im
31、helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they
32、grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. vAlthough the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden
33、. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden. 三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语() 、状语()、补语(): vMost Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans
34、eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing
35、 time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、选择填空: v( )1. _ will leave for Beijing. vA. Now there the man vB. The man here now vC. The man who is here now vD. The man is here now v( ) 2. The weather _.
36、 vA. wet and cold B. is wet and cold vC. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold v( ) 3. The apple tasted _. vA. sweets B. sweetly vC. nicely D. sweet v( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning. vA. lately B. late vC. latest D. latter v( )5. The actor _at the age of 70. vA. dead B. died vC. dyed D. dying v
37、( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest. vA. We, us B. Us, we vC. We, our D. We, we v( )7. He found the street much _. vA. crowd B. crowding vC. crowded D. crowdedly v( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well. vA. its B. it vC. that D. that is v( ) 9. The dog _ mad.
38、 vA. looks B. is looked vC. is being looked D. was looked v( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army. vA. that B. when vC. in which D. where 句子成分详解表句子成分详解表 句子成分意义义充当词类词类例句 主语语表示句子说说的是什么人或什么 事 名,代,数,不定 式,动动名词词,短语语或 句子 We study in HuangQiao Middle School. 谓语谓语说说明主语语做什么,是什么或怎 么样样 动词动词 或动词词组
39、动词词组She is dancing under the tree. 宾语宾语表示动动作行为为的对对象同主语语Both of us like English. 表语语与联联系动词连动词连 用,一起构成谓谓 语语,说说明主语语的性质质或特征 同主语语Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable. 定语语用来修饰饰名词词或代词词形,代,数,名, 副,介词词短语语或句子 We have eight lessons every day. 状语语修饰动词饰动词 ,形容词词,副词词,表 示动动作发发生的时间时间 ,地点,原 因,目的,方式,结结果等 副词词,介词词短语语或句 子 He works very hard. They held a party in Hollywood. 宾语宾语 补补足语语 逻辑逻辑 上与宾语宾语 是主谓谓关系形容词词,名词词,介词词 短语语等 She always keeps the house clean. 主语谓语语谓语 是基础础,宾宾表定状补辅补辅 助。宾宾主来自名代数,动词动词 作谓谓不可无!
链接地址:https://www.31doc.com/p-2668589.html