《英语名词语法复习.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语名词语法复习.ppt(26页珍藏版)》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、语法专题(一) 名 词 专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的 名称,如Beijing,China等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的 名词,如:book,sadness等。 名词 专有名词(Proper Nouns) 普通名词 (Common Nouns) 个体名词(Individual Nouns) 集体名词(Collective Nouns) 物质名词(Material Nouns) 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns) 不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns) 可数名词 (Countable Nouns) 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称 为可数名词(
2、Countable Nouns),物质名词 和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名 词(Uncountable Nouns)。 Proper Nouns: 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称 Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day 注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写 Common Nouns: 一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词 1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西 可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments 也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year
3、; fairy tales; a dream 2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体 Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public 集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说, 视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。 His family _ not large. (be) Cf: His family _ all music lovers. (be) 有些集体名词后单复数动词都可以用,没什么差别。 Eg: The audience was (were) excite
4、d by the show. is are 有少数集体名词通常用作单数。 Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police. Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。 Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。 Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil 一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复
5、数形式。但有一些 特殊情况: 1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种” Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份) Three beers, please. (三杯)It was a special tea. (一种) 2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。 Eg: rains (雨季) sands (沙滩) snows (积雪) waters(海域) 4.Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象 概念 Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fa
6、shion; relief; silence; truth,etc. 多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。 Eg: Hes learning French for fun. I wish you good luck. 抽象名词转化为可数名词。 Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念) As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her ch
7、ild. (成功者,失败者,可数) 名词的数 不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括 抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如: health, advice, glass, wood, English, America 不可数名词作主语,谓语动词须用单数形式。 情况加法例词 一般情况 以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的 词 以辅音y结尾的 词 以辅音+o 结尾的词 以f或fe结尾的词 加-s 加-es 去y加-ies 多数加-es 把f/fe改成ves Brothers;schools Buses;watches;dishes*1 Ladies;countries;*2 Heroes; tomatoes*
8、3 Halves; leaves;*4 可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形 式有以下几种: Notes: *1:stomachstomachs *2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词,直接在词尾加-s. Eg:boys; toys; Henrys *3: 以元音+o eg: videos; studios 以oo结尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos 一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词) eg: pianos 一些缩写词 eg: kilos; photos; memos 一些专有名词 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos 直接在词尾加-s. *4:以f/fe
9、结尾只加-s的词: proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs; chiefs handkerchief(手帕,手绢)的复数形式两者都可以。 单复数相同的情况: sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese;Japanese 以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu 只有复数形式的情况: trousers(裤子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) a pair of thanks; clothes; remains;
10、 goods; people; cattle 复合名词的复数形式: 1.主体名词变为复数形式: lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law 2.两个组成部分皆变为复数: women doctors; men cooks* 这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman 不规则复数: 1.manmenEg: woman women; chairman-chairmen 2.ooeeEg:foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese 3.+enEg:child-children; ox-oxen 4.ouseiceEg: mouse-m
11、ice; louse-lice(虱子) 有些外来词的不规则复数形式: Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crises criterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media 有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。 glass ( 玻璃 ) copper ( 铜 ) tin ( 锡 ) paper ( 纸 ) iron (铁 ) wood ( 木头 ) gold (金子 ) youth (青春 ) power ( 力量 ) beauty ( 美 ) pleasu
12、re( 愉快 ) relation(关系) a glass ( 玻璃杯 ) a copper ( 铜币板 ) a tin ( 罐头 ) a paper ( 报纸,证件,论文 ) an iron (熨斗 ) a wood ( 树林 ) a gold (金牌 ) a youth (年青人 ) a power ( 大国 ) a beauty ( 美人,美的东西 ) a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 ) a relation(亲戚) 英语中有许多对词,一个可数,一个不可数。 a poem(一首诗 ) a machine(一台机器 ) a job(一件工作 ) a laugh(一个笑声 ) a
13、permit(许可证 ) a garment (一件衣裳 ) a bag(case) (一件行李 ) a loaf (一只面包 ) a hair(一根头发 ) poetry(诗歌总称 ) machinery(机器总称 ) work(工作 ) laughter(笑声 ) permission(允许 ) clothing(衣裳总称 ) luggage, baggage(行李 ) bread(面包 ) hair( 头发) 几个名词的特殊用法 hair _. (他的头发是白的。) _. (他有几根白的 头发。) His hair is white He has a few grey hairs fru
14、it The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits. police The police _ searching for the murderer. were dozen, score two (many, several) dozen pencils three _ them / these pencils dozens of students two score of students scores of people dozen of word(消息,通知), man(人类),前面 不加冠词,也不
15、用复数形式,谓语用单数。 名词的格 所有格的形式: 一般的名词所有格在后面加 s,如: Marys book 以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加 , 如: Teachers Day, the students reading-room 以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格,如: Engelss works 或Engels works s 结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的 名词。但有时其它的名词也可以,如: todays newspaper, fifteen minutes ride等与 时间有关的名词。 凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词,都可以与 of 结成短语,来表示所有格关系。就是有生命 的
16、东西的名词也可如此,特别是当这个名词 有较长的定语时。如: Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate? 一个名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经 提到,往往可以省略,避免前后重复。如: This is not my pen, but Marys. 有时某些 s 结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点 ,如某人的家或店铺、教堂等: We can meet at Marys. He went to his sisters for dinner yesterday. I had the dress made at the tailors at t
17、he corner of the street. Last week we visited St. Pauls. 属格 形式 应应用场场合举举例 用在表示有生命的名词词后 Tom and Mikes room(两人共有 ) Toms and Mikes rooms(两人分 别别所有) 用在时间时间 名词词后 three weeks leave, todays paper s属格用在距离,长长度名词词后twenty miles journey 用在地点名词词后Chinas industry 用在天体名词词后the earths surface 用在价格名词词后a dollars worth of
18、属格用在表无生命事物名词词后the door of our classroom 双重 属格 名词词前有a, some, any, few, no, several 等词词修饰时饰时 a friend of my brothers several classmates of his 名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns) some patterns: 1. Ill take the risk for friendships sake. 2. She was at her wits end. 3. Now they could sing at their heart
19、s content. 4. We should get the children out of harms way. 5. We had best keep them at arms length. 6. For goodness sake,stop arguing. 7. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. (为了友谊) (黔驴技穷) (尽情地) (不受损害) (保持距离) (看在上帝的份上) (很合算) 名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、 补语等。 名词作定语时,需注意: an enemy soldier several _ a boy student three _ a man teacher three _ a woman doctor three _ _ (一家鞋店) 名词在句子中的作用 enemy soldiers boy students men teachers women doctors a shoe store
链接地址:https://www.31doc.com/p-2668608.html