英语学习与西方文化.ppt
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1、西方文化与英语学习,Western culture & English Learning,Language & Culture,Language is a part of culture One design feature of human language is cultural transmission (文化传递性) (by C. Hockett) So English is capable of transmitting the Western culture.,Geographic layout of the Western culture,1.Europe 2. North Am
2、erica( the USA & Canada) 3. Oceania (i.e. Australia & New Zealand),2 layers of culture,Physical culture (eg. architectural styles ) Non-physical culture (eg. religion; morality),Why there are so many languages ?,The story of building Babel 巴别塔 Bible/Genesis 创世纪11:1-9: God confusing peoples language
3、Genesis 11: 1: Now the whole earth had one language and the same words.(那时,天下人的口音言语都是一样。) Genesis 11: 1 : Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the LORD (God) confused the language of all the earth.,Babel 巴别塔,Two Major Foundations in Western Culture,1.the Greco-Roman foundation (古希腊罗马文化
4、基石) The spirit of rationality 理性主义精神 2.the Judeo-Christian foundation (犹太-基督教文化基石) pursuit of God : the supernatural being,Ancient Greek Culture,Three masters of thinking : Socrates(苏格拉底) Plato (柏拉图) Aristotle(亚里斯多德) focusing on pursuit of freedom, democracy and truth in nature and in human being,Ro
5、man Laws,The Justinian law code (under the Emperor Justinian) the most systematic and complete summary of laws.,Christianity,1.Birth & Development of Christianity Jesus Christ:the incarnation of God (God in huam flesh body 道成肉身的上帝) “Son of God” ( the second person in the Trinity 三位一体), he came to pr
6、ovide salvation (救赎)for the sinners,Christianity-2,Other Christian beliefs Jesus virgin birth, His Crucifixion (put on the cross) for washing his believerssin “crucifying”-adj. 折磨的 ascension into Heaven His future Second Coming.,Christianity-3 major festivals concerned with Jesus Christ,1.Good Frida
7、y :耶稣受难日 Jesus Christ died on Friday, a day before the Passover Day) 2. Easter Day: 复活节(Resurrection) Jesus Christ rose from death on Sunday 3. Christmas Day (Xmas) on honoring Jesus holy birth,Bible : Christian Holy Scripture,The Old Testament : 39 books The New Testament : 27 books,The Middle Age,
8、late 5th century - 14th century The age of Christianity The Roman Church and Pope dominated both religious and secular life Scholarlistism (经院主义) -Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Crusades : 十字军东征 -Knighthood (gentleman hood ) 骑士精神,Renaissance (文艺复兴),late 13th century- early 17th century (approx. 400 year
9、s) humanism(人文主义) prosperity in arts,. Religious Reformation宗教改革,purification of Christianity / upholding the Bible authority against Papal authority教皇权威) Schism of Christianity (three branches of Christianity) 1)Catholicism :天主教 2)the Eastern Orthodoxy :东正教 3)Protestantism:新教 3. pursuit of rational
10、ism and scientism,Enlightenment(启蒙运动) (17th18th century),3 masters of thinking: Voltaire (1694-1778) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Montesquieu (1689-1755) Montesquieu s theory of power separation. the legislative power : Congress (USA) the executive power: President (USA) the judicial power : Su
11、preme Court (USA),Western culture in 19th century,The theory of Evolution (进化论) -Charles Darwin - The Origin of Species 物种起源 -survival of the fittest (acting as the theoretic guideline for overseas invasion by the Western powers),Western culture in 19th century-2,-debating on origin of humankind * e
12、volution vs. creation Marxism -Communism and its practice in Russia & China-success & failure,Western culture in 19th century-3,Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) 尼采 “homelessness and rootlessness” resulting from the loss of faith in God “alienation”(异化)or “fameless persons” (无名的人)loss of individual id
13、entity and ego;men are institutionalized in the modern society.,Western culture in 20th century,Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) theory of psychoanalysis Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) -Existentialism (存在主义) *Freedom of choice. ( man has individual freedom. If one does not follow his own will but that of oth
14、ers, he would lose his own identity and ego. Such a man does not have a real existence.),Western culture in 20th century-2,Modernism Post-modernism : Jacques Derrida (1930-) - relativity of rationality - deconstruction,Western culture in 20th century-3,Three books worthy of reading : 1. 寂静的春天蕾切尔卡逊 1
15、962 The Silent Spring 2. 增长的极限德内拉梅多斯 1972 Limits to Growth 3. 文明的冲突1993 Conflicts of Civilizations By Samuel Huntingdon,Aspects of English Learning,In Context of Culture,Paradoxical thinking pattern of the Westerners反合性思维,Socrates: The only thing I know is that I know nothing Hegel: 历史给人最大的教训就是人从来不从
16、历史吸取教训。 Jesus : If you say you can see, you are really blind.,英语词语的隐喻性,The metaphorical property in English words Original meaning associative meaning For example : Crane : 鹤 起重机(similar in form) mouse : 老鼠鼠标 Fall : 落下秋天 Heart : 心 爱情 Back : 背部 支持 (back up),英语词语的隐喻性-2,Backbone : 脊椎骨 支柱/骨干 Eg. They ar
17、e the backbone of the football team. Crucifixion : 钉十字架-痛苦的折磨 Grind : 磨磨-苦差 Mushroom :蘑菇迅速增长 Spring up like mushrooms 雨后春笋般涌现,I. Three Major Origins of English Words,1. Native words (of Anglo-Saxon origin) 2. Latin words 3. French words,Examples, ask1-interrogate 2-question 3 belly1-abdomen 2-stomac
18、h 3 rise1-ascend 2-mount 3 holy1-consecrated2-sacred3 : 神圣的 fire-flameconflagration eat-dine-ingest,I. Three origins of English words-2,buy1-purchase3 house1-mansion 3 answer1-reply 3 friendly1-amicable3(friend = ami/amie) might1-power3(mighty = powerful) brotherly1-fraternal 2 bodily1-corporal 2 身体
19、的;生理的,I. Three origins of English words-3,55BC Caesars (凯撒大帝 Julius Caesar 约前100-前44, 罗马将军, 皇帝, 政治家, 历史学家) invasion into Britain brought Latin language into English 1066ADNormans Conquest introduced French into English,Greek mythology &Roman mythology vs. English words,Homer : Iliad Odyssey (1) Zeus
20、: the chief god 宙斯 ( = Jupiter in RM) Cf. 玉皇大帝 (2)Hera : Zeuss wife赫拉 ( = Juno in RM) Cf 王母娘娘,Greek mythology &Roman mythology vs. English words,3) Eros :爱神 ( = Cupid 丘比特 in RM) Eg. Cupids bow Cf. 月下老人 (4) Artemis : the goddess of the moon and hunting ( = Diana in RM) 月亮与狩猎女神。Cf. 嫦娥,Greek Mythology
21、vs. Roman Mythology,GM - RM *Apollo -Apollo : 阿波罗;太阳神;美男子 Zeus son, the god of the sun, in charge of truth, light and medicine *Artemis-Diana *Ares-Mars( a warring god ) *Aphrodite-Venus(维纳斯),Greek Mythology vs. Roman Mythology-2,Aphrodite 阿佛洛狄特: the goddess of love and beauty, Zeus daughter,Greek M
22、ythology vs. Roman Mythology-3,Venus,Greek Mythology vs. Roman Mythology-4,*Hephaestus-Vulcan Hephaestus : the husband of Aphrodite; the god of metal-working technology *Hermes-Mercury Hermes the son of Zeus; Zeus messenger; the god looking after merchants, touists & thieves.,Greek Mythology vs. Rom
23、an Mythology-4,* Poseidon -Neptune Poseidon Zeuss brother; in charge of the seas 波塞冬;海神 Cf 海龙王/ 龙王爷 * Hestia - Vesta Zeus sister, the goddess for kitchen and home. Cf. 灶神,Greek Mythology vs. Roman Mythology-5,* Hades-Pluto (cf. 阎王 in Chinese culture) *Persephone- Proserpina the wife of Hades. 冥后 *Di
24、onysus-Bacchus the god of wine & drama 酒神,Cupid,Cupid,Cupid is the love child of Venus and Mars,Origins of Culturally loaded words 文化负载词来源,Language as part of culture Nine planet names and its Origins 1. Neptune : 海王星P9(=Poseidon ) 2. Pluto: 冥王星(= Hades ) 3. Venus: 金星(= Aphrodite ) 4. Mars 火星 (= Are
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- 英语 学习 西方文化
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