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1、高级职业英语离线作业2第一部分:概括大意与完成句子阅读下面这篇短文,短文后有2项测试任务:(1)1-4 题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5 段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)第5-8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项,分别完成每个句子。Soot and Snow:a Hot Combinationl New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snowAccording to a computer simulation,bla
2、ck soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century2 Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth。where ice is more common,absorbs more of the suns energy and warmth than an icy, white backgroundDark-colored black carbon,or soot,absorbs sunlight,while lighter colo
3、red ice reflects sunlight3 Soot in areas with snow and ice may play all important role in climate changeAls0,if snow and ice covered areas begin melting。the warming effect increases,as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface“This provides a positive feedback,as glaciers and ice sheet
4、smelt,they tend to get even dirtier,” said DrJames Hansen,a researcher at NASAs Goddard Institute for Space Studies,NewYork4 Hansen found soots effect on snow albedo(solar energy reflected back to space),which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere,such as thin
5、ning Arctic sea ice,melting glaciers and permafrostSoot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land5 “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”Hansen s
6、aidSoots increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “This forcing is unusually effective,causing twice as much global warming as a carbondioxide forcing of the same magnitude,”Hansen noted6 Hansen cautionedalthough the role of soot in altering global
7、climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past centurySuch gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing f10r也e rest of this century7 The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was 1a
8、rge in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudesThese observations were consistent with the researchers climate model simulations,which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight词汇:soot n煤烟,煤灰emission n释放,散发,排放simulation v模拟l
9、atitude n纬度glacier n冰川,冰河albedo n反照率permafrost n永冻层forcing n温室作用dioxide n二氧化物magnitude n量,大小练习:1Paragraph 3 Soot in areas with snow and ice may play all important role in climate change 2Paragraph 4 Hansen found soots effect on snow albedowhich may be contributing to trends toward early springs in t
10、he Northern Hemisphere3Paragraph 6 Gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing f10r也e rest of this century4Paragraph 7 The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was 1arge in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes5In the twentieth century,soot alter t
11、he way sunlight reflects off snow 6Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming 7. Black soot covered snow and ice absorbs more of the suns energy and warmth than an icy 8A soot forcing is unusually effective,which showed some of the largest warming effects occurre
12、d when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight第二部分:阅读理解(每题3分,共45分)下面有3篇短文,每篇短文后有5道题,每道题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题,从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案第1篇Medical JournalsMedical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionalsIn the past,these journals we
13、re available only in printWith the development of electronic publishing,many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet,and some journals publish only onlineA few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical journals because they cover
14、 many fields of medicineMost medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicineMedical journals publish many types of articlesResearch articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trial
15、s that compare outcomes of different treatmentsReview articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literatureBecause the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors,combining results from different st
16、udies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular diseaseCase conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat at themEdito
17、rials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issueEditorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topicLetters to the editor provide a way for read
18、ers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal1 The main readers of medical journals are DA)the general publicB1healthprofessionals ,C)medical criticsD、news reporters2 Which of the following statements is NOT true? BA) Many medical jo
19、urnals also publish onlineB)A few medical journals are general medical journalsC)Most medical journals publish only onlineD)Most medical journals are specialty journals3. How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage? BA、FiveB)SevenC)FourD)Six4. An article dealing with results from d
20、ifferent studies on the same topic is called DA)a research articleB)a review articleC)a case reportD)an editorial5Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on BA)any medical eventB) articles published in the same issueC)articles published in that journalD)medical
21、development第2篇 Common Problems, Common SolutionsThe chances are that you made up your mind about smoking a long time ago - and decided its not for you.The chances are equally good that you know a lot of smokers - there are, after all about 60 million of them, work with them, and get along with them
22、very well.And finally its a pretty safe bet that youre open-minded and interested in all the various issues about smokers and nonsmokers - or you wouldnt be reading this. And those three things make you incredibly important today. Because they mean that yours is the voice - not the smokers and not t
23、he anti-smokers -that will determine how much of societys efforts should go into building walls that separate us and how much into the search for solutions that bring us together. For one tragic result of the emphasis on building walls is the diversion of millions of dollars from scientific research
24、 on the causes and cures of diseases which, when all is said and done, still strike the nonsmoker as well as the smoker. One prominent health organization, to cite but a single instance, now spends 28 cents of every publicly contributed dollar on education (much of it in anti-smoking propaganda) and
25、 only 2 cents on research.There will always be some who want to build walls, who want to separate people from people, and up to a point, even these may serve society. The anti-smoking wall-builders have, to give them their due, helped to make us all more keenly aware of choice. But our guess, and ce
26、rtainly our hope, is that you are among the far greatest number who know that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve societys interest better by working together in mutual accommodation.Whatever virtue walls may have, they can never move our society toward fundame
27、ntal solutions. People who work together on common problems, common solutions, can. 1. What does the word wall used in the passage mean? AA) Anti-smoking propaganda.B) Diseases striking nonsmokers as well as smokers.C) Rules and regulations that prohibit smoking.D) Separation of smokers from nonsmok
28、ers.2. In paragraph 4, you refers to BA) smokers.B) nonsmokers. C) anti-smokers.D) smokers who have quitted smoking. 3. It is evident that the author is not in favor of DA) building a wall between smokers and nonsmokers.B) doing scientific research at the expense of ones health.C) bringing smokers a
29、nd nonsmokers together.D) proving accommodation for smokers.4. As is suggested, the common solution to the common problem is CA) to separate people from people. B) to work together in mutual accommodation. C) to make us more keenly aware of choice.D) to serve societys interests better. 5. According
30、to the passage, the writer looks upon the anti-smoking wall-builders actions AA) optimistically.B) pessimistically.C)unconcernedly.D) skeptically.第3篇Eady or Later Day CareThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parems duringThe sensitive“attachment”period from birth
31、to three may scar a childs personality andI premspose to emotional problems in later lifeSome people have drawn the conclusion fromBowlbys work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this.But
32、there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parems;found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societiesFor example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother
33、of a child did not rear their infant alonefar from itSecondly,common sense tells US that day care would not be so widespread today if parentscare-takers found children had problems with itStatistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and even if they were,the results would be certai
34、n to be complicated and controversialThirdlyin the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care,and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slighfly positive effect on childrenS developmentBut tests that have had to be used to measure th
35、is development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue. But BowlbyS analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effectsThe possibility that such care might 1cad tO,say,more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later Callonly be explored by the use of statisticsWhatev
36、er the longterm effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with。Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappinessAt the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly
37、why more and more parents make use of child care at this timeThe matter,then,is far from clear-cuff,though experxence and available evidence indicate that earl care is reasonable for lnfants词汇: psychoanalyst n精神分析学家一心理分析学家 insulate vt隔绝rear vt抚养 predispose引起易感性 care taker n.照顾者,看管人 entailin。tellvt蕴涵
38、 infant n婴儿 anthropologist n人类学家练习:1 Which of the following statements would Bowlby support? BA)Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day carfor children at the age of three or olderB)Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in childrenC)The firs
39、t three years of ones life is extremely important to the later developmentofpersonalityD)Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than childrenover three2 Which of the following is derivable from BowlbyS work? DA)Mothers should not send their children to day care cen
40、ters before the age of threeB)Day care nurseries have positive effects on a childS developmentC)A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problemsin laterlife D)Daycarewouldnotbe SOpopularffithasnoticeablenegativeeffects onachild,Spersonality3 It is suggested that
41、modem societies differ from traditional societies in that BA)the parentschild relationship is more exclusive in modem societiesB)a child more often grows up with his(her brothers or sisters in traditional societiesC)mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societiesD)chi
42、ldren in modem societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years4 Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby,s theonr? AA)Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on childrenS developmentB)The fact that there are so many nursery schools today sh
43、ows that day care is safeC)The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditionalsocieties D)Parentsfindtheimmediate effects ofearlyday caredifficultto dealwith5 Which of the following best expresses the writerS attitude towards early day care? AA)Children under three should stay with their parentsB)Early day care has positive effects on childrens developmentC)The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statisticsD)Theeffectsofearlydaycareon children areexaggeratedandparents shouldignoretheissue
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