中国文化概况.ppt
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1、中国文化概况 A Glimpse of Chinese Culture,南方医科大学外国语学院10级,About this course,Time: 36 hours, 2 hours/week Objectives: Getting a better understanding of Chinese culture; Getting to know the key terms in Chinese culture and their English expressions; Obtaining a comparative perspective in Chinese culture Cult
2、ivating a critical attitude towards Chinese culture Requirements Class attendances Active participation Final paper,Chapter 1 An Overview,What is culture? Edward B. Taylor: Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
3、 acquired by man as a member of society. What are the main features of Chinese culture? Agriculture Central government Inward turn Assimilation Kinship / patriarchy Harmony Ethical and political-orientation Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism,Geography,Basic facts: The PRC has a land area of about 9.6 mi
4、llion sq km, and is the third largest country in the world, next only to Russia and Canada. China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east. Mountainous land makes up about 67% of Chinese territory. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the average elevati
5、on of about 4,000 m, is known as the “roof of the world”. The longest river in China is the Yangtze River (6,300 km), which is the 3rd longest river in the world, next to Nile River and Amazon River. Key words: Peoples democratic dictatorship; imperialism; feudalism; lyrics; national anthem; unanimo
6、usly; elevation; interspersed; autonomous regions; municipalities; advent; monsoon climate; tropical and sub-tropical; precipitation,An Outline History,The descendants of Yan and Huang, the leaders of the two earliest tribes; Xia Dynasty (2070-1660 BC) began the slavery; three sage kings: Yao; Shun
7、and Yu. Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC); The Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC); The Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods (770-221 BC) The Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), the first feudal monarchy; Han Dynasty (206BC-AD 220) The Three Kingdoms Period (AD 220-280) Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420); the Six
8、teen Kingdoms (AD304-439); the Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-589); Sui Dynasty (AD 581-618) Tang Dynasty (AD618-907) Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279) Yuan Dynasty (AD 1271-1368); Ming Dynasty (1368-1644); Qing Dynasty (1616-1911),Key words: Primitive man; descendant; slavery; turmoil; chaos; feu
9、dal monarchy; extravagant; mausoleums; terra-cotta army; establish; evolve; glorious; ascend the throne; the yellow imperial gown; unification; launch a rebellion; Genghis Khan; turning point; a country of semi-feudal, semi-colonial status; overthrow,Population,Basic facts: China is the most populou
10、s country in the world. Chinas population is unevenly distributed, the density being high in east and scarce in west. China has been implementing the policy of family planning and “one child policy” since the late 1970s. There are altogether 56 ethnic groups in China, with Han making up about 92%. K
11、ey words: densely-populated area / scarcely-populated area / the population density / implement / family planning / mortality rate / ethnic groups Discussion questions: Please give a talk on Chinas population before and after 1970s. You are allowed 3-5 minutes.,Ethnic groups,民 族 人口(万人) 聚居区面积(万km2) 主
12、要分布地区(占民族人口的比例 % ) 壮族 1548.96 15.47 广西 91.4,云南 6.5 满族 982.12 1.22 辽宁50.4,河北17.6,黑龙江12.1,吉林10.7,内蒙古4.6 回族 860.29 10.22 宁夏17.7,甘肃12.7,河南10.1,新疆7.9,青海7.4 苗族 739.80 7.00 贵州50,湖南21,云南12.1,四川7.2,广西5.7 维吾尔族 721.44 121.80 新疆99.7 彝族 657.22 14.75 云南61.7,四川27.1,贵州10.8 土家族 570.42 1.42 湖南 31.5,湖北31,四川18.9,贵州18 蒙
13、古族 480.68 147.00 内蒙古70.2,辽宁12.2,新疆3.4,吉林3.2,黑龙江2.9 藏族 459.33 200.00 西藏45.6,四川23.7,青海19.8,甘肃8,云南2.4 The population of some ethnic groups is really small. Like, 塔塔尔族,赫哲族,高山族, whose population is smaller than 5000. 珞巴族, with only 2900 people, is the smallest ethnic group in China. Key words: Ethnic gro
14、ups / minority ethnic groups / Zhuang / Hui / Uygur /Yi /Miao / Manchu / Mongol / Tibetan/ Tujia /,Chapter 2 Philosophy(1),Confucianism is a philosophical school developed from the teachings of the sage Confucius (Kongzi 孔子, 551 479 BCE), collected in the Analects of Confucius. It is a system of mor
15、al, social, political, and religious thought that has had tremendous influence on Chinese history, thought, and culture down to the 21st century. Some Westerners have considered it to have been the “state religion“ of imperial China. Its influence also spread to Korea and Japan. The major Confucian
16、concepts include rn (humanity or humaneness), zhngmng (rectification of names; e.g. a ruler who rules unjustly is no longer a ruler and may be dethroned), zhng (loyalty), xio (filial piety), and l (ritual). Confucius taught both positive and negative versions of the Golden Rule. The concepts Yin and
17、 Yang represent two opposing forces that are permanently in conflict with each other, leading to perpetual contradiction and change. 凡训蒙,须讲究。详训诂,名句读。为学者,必有初。小学终,至四书。 论语者,二十篇。群弟子,记善言。孟子者,七篇止。讲道德,说仁义。 作中庸,子思笔。中不偏,庸不易。作大学,乃曾子。自修齐,至平治。 孝经通,四书熟。如六经,始可读。诗书易,礼春秋。号六经,当讲求。,Philosophy (2),Taoism (Daoism) is a
18、 philosophy and later also developed into a religion based on the texts the Tao Te Ching (Do D Jng; ascribed to Laozi) and the Zhuangzi (partly ascribed to Zhuangzi). The character Tao 道 (Dao) literally means “path“ or “way“. However in Daoism it refers more often to a meta-physical term that descri
19、bes a force that encompasses the entire universe but which cannot be described nor felt. All major Chinese philosophical schools have investigated the correct Way to go about a moral life, but in Taoism it takes on the most abstract meanings, leading this school to be named after it. It advocated no
20、naction (wu wei), the strength of softness, spontaneity, and relativism. Although it serves as a rival to Confucianism, a school of active morality, this rivalry is compromised and given perspective by the idiom “practice Confucianism on the outside, Taoism on the inside.“ Most of Taoisms focus is o
21、n what is perceived to be the undeniable fact that human attempts to make the world better, actually make the world worse. Therefore it is better to strive for harmony. 道可道,非常道。名可名,非常名。无名天地之始;有名万物之母。 不尚贤,使民不争;不贵难得之货,使民不为盗;不见可欲,使民心不乱。是以圣人之治,虚其心,实其腹,弱其志,强其骨。常使民无知无欲。使夫智者不敢为也。为无为,则无不治。,Confucianism in H
22、an Dynasty,Confucianism became an orthodox school after Hans “Banning all schools of thought except Confucianism”. 天人感应:Heaven affects human affairs and human behavior finds responses in Heaven 君权神授:the power f the emperors are authorized by Heaven 天人合一: Man is an integral part of nature 三纲五常:“三纲”是指
23、“君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲”,要求为臣、为子、为妻的必须绝对服从于君、父、夫,同时也要求君、父、夫为臣、子、妻作出表率。它反映了封建社会中君臣、父子、夫妇之间的一种特殊的道德关系。“五常”即仁、义、礼、智、信,是用以调整、规范君臣、父子、兄弟、夫妇、朋友等人伦关系的行为准则。人不同于其他生物的一个重要特点,在于人类具有与生俱来的五常之道。 三从四德:未嫁从父,既嫁从夫,夫死从子;德、容、言、工,Main features of Ancient Chinese Philosophy: a comparative perspective,Spiritual existence instead
24、of reason Practice instead of pure belief (thats why Chinese people have no religion in the western sense) Morality instead of science Harmony instead of struggle intuition instead of synthesis / analysis Key words: School of thought; Confucianism; Taoism; Buddhism; advocate; Benevolence / humanity,
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