精品英语文档:(邵鹏没柱教授).ppt
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1、Ethical Issues on Animal and Human cloning Prof. P.C. Shaw (邵鵬柱教授) Department of Biochemistry, CUHK Hong Kong Bioethics Association November 2009 複 製 人 ? History of cloning n1952 Northern leopard frogs cloned. n1953 Structure of DNA discovered. History of cloning n1978 Louise, the first child concei
2、ved through in vitro fertilization, was born. n1993 Human embryos were first cloned (artificial embryo twinning) nJuly 5, 1996Dolly was born. Photo from: Dolly the first mammal cloned using mature cell nDolly the Lamb in 1996 nMethod: Nuclear transfer nOrganization: Roslin Institute at UK and PPL T
3、herapeutics Photo from Ming Pao 18th August 2002 Example of cloning nCumulina the Mouse in 1998 nOrganization: University of Hawaii Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002 Example of cloning nCattle in 1998 nOrganization: Kinki University at Japan Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002 Example of clo
4、ning nMille, Christa, Alexis, Carrel and Dotcom the Pigs in 2000 nOrganization: PPL Therapeutics of UK Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002 Example of cloning nCarbon Copy the Cat in 2002 nOrganization: Texas A & M University, USA Photo from Ming Pao 23th January 2003 Example of cloning nGeneratio
5、n of Prometea, 2003 nOrganization: A research laboratory in Italy Photo from Nature No.6949 Examples of cloning nCloning of donkey, 2004, USA nCloning of dog, 2005, Korea nCloning of rhesus monkey, 2007, Oregon, USA http:/jamaica- http:/www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science/july-dec07/stemcells_11-15.html
6、 Two methods of cloning nEmbryo cloning 胚胎複製 - remove a cell from an embryo for developing into a separate embryo. nAdult cell cloning 成長細胞複製 - replace DNA/nucleus from a cell by another. Two methods of cloning nEmbryo cloning 胚胎複製 do not know the characteristics of the offspring. nAdult cell clonin
7、g 成長細胞複製 characteristics are almost the same as the nucleus donor. How to generate Dolly? Step 1. Udder (乳腺) cells were taken from a donor sheep. Cells were then cultured to switch off their genes and become dormant. Photo from , How to generate Dolly? Step 2. Unfertilized egg cell was taken from a
8、nother sheep. The nucleus was removed, leaving an empty egg. Photo from www.pbs.org. , How to generate Dolly? Step 3. The egg cell without nucleus was fused with the donor cell using a pulse of electricity. A second pulse started the cell division. Photo from . How to generate Dolly? Step 4. After
9、 6 days, the resulting embryo was implanted into another sheep (surrogate mother 代母). Photo from www.pbs.org, How to generate Dolly? Step 5. After gestation (妊 娠), the surrogate mother gave birth to Dolly which was identical to the udder cell donor. Photo from www.pbs.org Advantages of animal cloni
10、ng nCan produce animal with a desired trait, for nProtein products, organs nProliferate endangered animals Cloning of endangered animal nNoah the Gaur (亞洲野牛, an endangered species) in 2000 nOrganization: Advanced Cell Technology, USA Photo from Advanced Cell Technology () Cloning of endangered anima
11、l nCloning of woolly Mammoth (長毛象) nExtinct 10,000 years ago nIs there any intact cell left? From Mingpao 8/8/2003 Cloning of transgenic animal nCloning of a cow containing mad cow disease resistant gene nIn Shangdong, China From Mingpao 28/4/2006 Concerns in animal cloning nTechnology complicated n
12、Survival rate of cloned embryos low nOverweighing of calves at birth nBreeders may want to keep their animal unique nBreeders may want to create better offspring Health of clones From Ming Pao 27-Mar-2001 Poor development of heart, lung and immune system Might have genetic disorder Photo from Mingpa
13、o Dolly gave birth to a female lamb in 1998, but Dolly later died of premature aging in 2003. Company for cloning pets nGenetic Savings & Clone established in 2000, produced the cloned cat, CC in 2001 nDelivered the first commercially cloned cat, Little Nicky in 2004 for US$50,000 nCompany closed in
14、 2006 nA new company BioArts International was established for cloning dogs Commercial pet cloning may not be a good investment nDemand not high nCompetition from developing countries nDisregard of the IP issues nRelaxed treatment of animals nThe IP holder does not want to defense the IP rights nOut
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