FrancisBacon.ppt
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1、Francis Bacon,(1561-1626),General Introduction,A representative of the Renaissance in England Philosopher, scientist and essayist, Francis Bacon lays the foundation for modern science. He insists on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowl
2、edge.,His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.,His Works,The Advancement of Learning (1605) (in English) 学术的进展 Novum Organum (1620) ( an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Le
3、arning) 新工具论,Essays (1597-1625)论说文集 The New Atlantis 新大西岛unfinished, utopian Maxims of Law 法律原理 The Learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses (1642)法令使用读本,Of Studies,Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。,Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring
4、; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。,You can enjoy the greatest pleasure of reading when you read alone with focused attention; you can attract attention and admiration of others when you make
5、eloquent speeches; you can improve your ability when you make judgments and dispose matters.,For expert man can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹,全局策划,
6、则舍好学深思者莫属。,For experienced men are good at handling concrete things one by one, but things like offering advice, making plans and arranging affairs are best done by those who are learned.,To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment
7、wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. 读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。,Spending too much time in studies tends to make people lazy; using them too often for decoration tends to make people hypocritical; doing things wholly by their rules is the queer characteristic of scholars.,They perfec
8、t nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接,而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。,Crafty me
9、n contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation 有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。,Men with certain skill generally show contempt to studies, ignorant men
10、show admiration to them and wise men use them, because studies dont teach people how to use them, which is a wisdom beyond and above books and obtained through observation.,Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consi
11、der. 读书时不可存心诘难读者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。,The purpose of reading is not to wrangle with (抬杠) the writer, nor to believe in blindly what is said in books wholly, nor to find expressions and remarks for conversations, but to think carefully and make judgment.,Some books are to be tasted, others to b
12、e swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. 书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只需读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。,Some books also may be read
13、by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. 书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味。,Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready m
14、an; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。,And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. 因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术
15、,始能无知而显有知。,If a man were to write little, he need have a great memory; if he were to confer little, he should have a present wit; and if he were to read little, he should have more cunning, to seem to know what he does not.,Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philos
16、ophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩;凡有所学,皆成性格。,Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. 人之才智但有滞碍,无
17、不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运动除之。,There is no defect or handicap in the mind that may not be cured/worked out by appropriate studies, as appropriate exercised may cure diseases of the body.,Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; ridin
18、g for the head; and the like. 滚球利睾肾,射箭利胸肺,慢步利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。,So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. 如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题需全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;,So if a man cant focus his attention, let him study maths,
19、for in resolving maths problems, any little distraction of the mind lead to the wrong result and he has to start all over again.,If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cumini sectores. If he is unable to distinguish things, let him learn f
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