西方礼仪文化unit 8 The Taboos in Weste时rn Culture and Etiquette.ppt
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1、Unit 8 The Taboos in Western Culture and Etiquette,Lead-in,Have you ever heard or read some stories about taboo in western culture? If yes, share your experience with your partners. Have you ever met some very embarrassing moment when you get along with Westerners because of your ignorance of taboo
2、culture?,1. What is Taboo,a universal concept a ritually sanctioned prohibition against contact with a thing, a person or an activity The term comes from the Tongan language, and appears in many.,Some knowledge about taboo,1. What is Taboo,In Polynesian cultures, a tabu (or tapu or kapu) often has s
3、pecific religious associations. Captain James Cook introduced the word into English in 1777 after returning from Tonga, the place he named “the Friendly Islands“.,Some knowledge about taboo,In its current use in Tonga, the word tapu also means “sacred“ or “holy“, often in the sense of being restrict
4、ed or protected by custom or law. In the main island of the Kingdom of Tonga, where the greater portion of the population reside within the capital Nukualofa, the word is often appended to the end of “Tonga“, making the word “Tongatapu“, where local use it as “Sacred South“ rather than “forbidden so
5、uth“.,2. Taboos can include,dietary restrictions (halal and kosher diets, religious vegetarianism, and the prohibition of cannibalism) restrictions on sexual activities and relationships (sex outside of marriage) restrictions of bodily functions (burping, state of genitalia such as circumcision or s
6、ex reassignment) exposure of body parts (ankles in the Victorian British Empire, womens faces in parts of the Middle East, nudity in the US),restrictions on the use of offensive language. No taboo is known to be universal, but some (such as the cannibalism and incest taboos) occur in the majority of
7、 societies. Taboos may serve many functions, and often remain in effect after the original reason behind them has expired.,2. Taboos can include,Certain taboos lose their stinginess over periods of time. In the United States and western countries, most people are now more comfortable than before whe
8、n they discuss and explore social issues: alcoholism, depression, divorce, income disparity, personal relationships, pregnancy and childbirth and teenage rebellion. Medical disorders and diseases like cancer, polio, AIDS and suicide arent as heavily taboo now as in the past. Certain personal things
9、such as age, height, weight and appearance are not always shared with confidants or in public; this indicates that such topics may be taboo to some people.,Taboos often extend to cover discussion of taboo topics. This can result in taboo deformation (euphemism) or replacement of taboo words. Marvin
10、Harris, a leading figure in cultural materialism, endeavored to explain taboos as a consequence of the ecologic and economic conditions of their societies. Taboos challenge ones free speech and individual rights to express a subject or issue in need to be addressed for the benefit, not to damage, an
11、y given society.,Other societal taboos to a certain extent or to some people are the issues of sex, death, racism, genderism, ethnicity, nationality, religion, politics, money, socio-economic class, sexual orientation and disability. People follow this advice of not discussing, joking about or makin
12、g an issue of things that can lead to bigotry, discrimination and stigmatization of people with those social group differences. They developed as a result of concerns for civil rights, sensitivity and multiculturalism nowadays.,When done as a parody or comedy, said or done by comedians, taboo topics
13、 and subject matter can induce comical reaction by the general public, without disgust or offense on what was said or mentioned about an emotionally charged issue described as mainly taboo in a given society.,Are there any taboo food in your hometown? What are they? Do you know the reasons for them
14、to become taboo food? Work with your partners and make a list of taboo food you know in certain parts of the world.,Look at the following pictures. Are they taboo food ? For whom? Why?,Color is considered one of the most useful and powerful design tools we have. People respond to different colors in
15、 different ways, and these responses take place on a subconscious, emotional level. Can you list some colors and their symbolisms in different cultures?,3. Color,Yellow is one of the colors that Han people mostly advocate. Yellow skin, Yellow River, Yellow Mountain, Yellow Dragon Ancient Chinese bel
16、ieve that yellow is the natural color that will never change. In the past, only emperor has a right to dress in yellow. It implies “wealth, rank, brilliance”. Attention Do you know what theses words mean “黄色故事,黄色电影,黄色网站”,Yellow,People like it, because they often associate the sun and the color fire
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