lesson3.ppt
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1、Lesson 3,Text Components of A Building 建筑构件,注:components (建筑 ) 构件,Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame(承载框架), skin, floors, and partitions(隔墙). The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevat
2、ors, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground. 材料与建筑结构相结合构成一个建筑物的各种构件,包括承载框架,表面,地面和隔墙等。建筑物也有机械系统和电力系统,如:电梯,供热和冷却系统,照明系统。上部结构是指建筑物的地面以上的部分,下部结构和基础是建筑物地面以下的
3、部分。,注:A and B are combined to make up C =A与B相结合构成C。,The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1855. Gustave Eiffel (1832-
4、1923) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 y
5、ears later by a series of American skyscrapers. 摩天楼的存在归功于19世纪的两大发展:钢骨架结构和乘客电梯。钢材作为结构材料源于1855年的Bassemer转炉。 Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) 在法国提出了钢结构。他在1889年巴黎博览会上展示的钢塔和机器充分显示了钢构架的轻盈和灵活。 Eiffel斜塔,984英呎(300米)高,曾经是由人类建筑的最高的建筑物,直到40年后才被美国的摩天楼系列所超过。,OwesAtoB=将A归功于B; dates from源于 notAuntilB=直到B才A,The first elev
6、ator was installed by Elisha Otis in a department store (百货大楼)in New York in 1857. In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators (第一套电梯组)on a grand scale (宏大的导轨)in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic (水压力)elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour. 1857年, Elisha Otis 在纽约的百货大楼中
7、安装了第一台电梯。1889年, Eiffel在Eiffel塔的宏大的导轨上安装了第一套电梯组,这种水压升降机每小时能将2350名乘客运送到塔项。,Load-Carrying Frame. Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame constru
8、ction for houses. Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required; for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1. 5meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-190
9、7) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. 承载框架:到19世纪后期,建筑物的外墙被用作承重墙支撑地板。这种结构本质上是一种柱型和过梁型结构,它仍然用于房屋的框架结构。由于需要较大的墙厚,承重墙结构限制了建筑物的高度,如:于1880年所建的16个传奇性的Monadnock 建筑物其底层的墙就有5英呎(1.5米)厚。188
10、3年, William Le Jenney男爵(1832-1907) 将地板放在铸铁做的柱子之上形成一个象笼子似的结构。骨架结构,由钢梁和钢柱所组成,于1889年首次采用。,As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry (砖石建筑)was the curtain wall material until the 1930s, when light metal and g
11、lass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of the steel skeleton, the height of buildings continued to increase rapidly. 作为骨架结构的结果,圈墙变成一种帘墙,而不起支撑作用。到了1930年代,使用轻金属和玻璃幕墙时,砖石成了帘墙材料。在使用钢骨架结构后,建筑物的高度连续快速地增加。,All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War II . After the w
12、ar, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall buildings being built of reinforced concrete(钢筯混凝土). Marina Towers (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States; its height588 feet (179 meters)is exceeded by the 650-foot (198-meter) Post Office To
13、wer in London and by other towers. 所有的高层建筑用钢骨架建筑一直用到二次世界大战。战后,由于钢材的短缺和混凝土质量的改善,高层建筑物用钢筯混凝土建筑。芝加哥的Marina塔(1962年)是美国当时最高的混凝土建筑物,它高588英呎(179米);后来被伦墩的650英呎高的邮电塔和其它的高塔所超过。,A change in attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall. In New York City, the Columbi
14、a Broadcasting System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962, has a perimeter wall consisting of 5-foot (1. 5-meter) wide concrete columns spaced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. This perimeter wall, in effect, constitutes a bearing wall. One reason for this trend is that stiffn
15、ess against the action of wind can be economically obtained by using the walls of the building as a tube; the World Trade Center buildings are another example of this tube approach. In contrast(相反), rigid frames or vertical trusses are usually provided to give lateral (侧异)stability. 对摩天大楼的态度改变,让人们又回
16、过头去使用承重墙。在纽约,由Eero Saarinen 于1962年设计的哥伦比亚广播大楼,有一道圆柱墙,该墙由5英呎(1.5米)宽的混凝土柱所组成,柱中心到中心10英呎(3米)。这道圆柱墙,实际上,构成了一道承重墙。作成这种形式的理由之一是:将建筑物的墙作成管状容易获得抵抗风力的硬度;世界贸易中心也是采用这种管状方法的另一个例子。相反,坚硬的框架或垂直的构架总是用来提供侧异的稳定性。,Skin. The skin of a building consists of both transparent (透明的)elements (windows) and opaque(不透明的) elemen
17、ts (walls). Windows are traditionally glass, although plastics are being used, especially in schools where breakage creates a maintenance problem. The wall elements, which are used to cover the structure and are supported by it, are built of a variety of materials: brick, precast(预制的) concrete, ston
18、e, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum. Wood is used mainly in house construction; it is not generally used for commercial, industrial, or public buildings because of the fire hazard. 表面工程:建筑物的表面工程由透明元素(窗户)和不透明元素(墙)组成。窗户从传统意义上讲就是玻璃,虽然塑料也在使用,尤其是在学校,窗户的损坏带来维护问题。墙元素,用来遮盖结构和支撑结构,由各种材料制成:砖,预制混凝土,
19、石头,不透明的玻璃,塑料,钢材和铝等。木材主要用于房屋建筑物。因消防的原因,木材通常不会用于商业、工业,或公共建筑物中。,Floors. The construction of the floors in a building depends on the basic structural frame that is used. In steel skeleton construction, floors are either slabs(平板,厚片,铺石板) of concrete resting on steel beams or a deck consisting of corrugat
20、ed(起波纹的) steel with a concrete topping. In concrete construction, the floors are either slabs of concrete on concrete beams or a series of closely spaced concrete beams (ribs) in two directions topped with a thin concrete slab, giving the appearance of a waffle on its underside. The kind of floor th
21、at is used depends on the span between supporting columns or walls and the function of the space. In an apartment building, for instance, where walls and columns are spaced at 12 to 18 feet (3. 7 to 5. 5 meters), the most popular construction is a solid concrete slab with no beams. The underside of
22、the slab serves as the ceiling for the space below it. Corrugated steel decks are often used in office buildings because the corrugations, when - enclosed by another sheet of metal, form ducts for telephone and electrical lines. 地板: 在一个建筑中,地面的结构取决于所使用的基本结构框架。在钢骨架结构中,地面或者是铺在钢梁上的混凝土平板,或者是由具有混凝土顶盖的波纹钢组
23、成的甲板。在混凝土结构中,地板或是混凝土梁上的混凝土平板,或是一系统相距较近的混凝土梁,而在梁上以两个方向盖上混凝土厚板。所用地板的类型取决于支撑柱或墙间的跨距和空间的功能。例如,公寓楼中,墙和柱的间距在1218英呎(3.7-5.5米),最流行的结构是无梁的实心混凝土平板。板的下面作为其下面空间的天花板。因其皱状波纹钢甲板常用于办公楼中,当附上另一种金属薄片形成甲板用于电话和电力线。,Mechanical and Electrical Systems. A modern building not only contains the space for which it is intended
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