细胞生物学 第一章 发展史.ppt
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1、细胞生物学,CELL BIOLOGY COURSE,主讲:谢浩 Instructor: Dr XIE Hao E-mail: Cell Phone:18971099976,Learning Objectives,About Cell Biology Look briefly at the history of cell theory; Consider the basic properties of cells; Compare some characteristics of two different classes of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes;
2、 Comprehend a special life: viruses,About “Cell Biology”,What? Forwhy? How to study?,The NIH of USA(1988): “What is popular in research today?” 3 kinds of diseases : cancer cardiovascular diseases infectious diseases:AIDS,hepatitis 5 research fields : cell cycle control ; cell apoptosis; cellular se
3、nescence; signal transduction; DNA damage and repair.,What we know/How we know.,ISI, USA(1997) : SCI(Science Citation Index)Papers: Three tops of research fields: No1: Signal transduction; No2: Cell apoptosis; No3: Genome and post-genomic analysis。,细胞生物学(Cell Biology)从显微水平、超微水平和分子水平等不同层次研究细胞结构、功能及生活
4、史。 细胞生物学由细胞学(Cytology)发展而来,Cytology是指对细胞形态(特别是染色体形态)的观察。 在我国的基础学科发展规划中,细胞生物学与分子生物学(Molecular Biology),神经生物学(Neurobiology)和生态学(Ecology)并列为生命科学的四大基础学科。,第一章 历史与展望,HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVE,In 1665, Robert Hooke saw a network of tiny boxlike compartments that reminded him of a honeycomb. He called these l
5、ittle compartments “cellulae”, a Latin term meaning little room. It is from this word we get our present-day term, cell.,The microscope used by Robert Hooke and the honeycomb-like network of “cell” he drawed in 1665,The discovery of cells followed from the invention of the microscope,本章内容提要 Outline,
6、第一节 细胞生物学简史 History of Cell Biology 一、显微镜的发明与细胞的发现 Invention of Microscope and Discovery of Cell 二、细胞学说 Cell Theory 三、细胞学的发展 Development of Cytology 第二节 细胞生物学学习方法 Studying Cell Biology 第三节 对未来的展望 The Future,第一节 细胞生物学简史 History,细胞生物学的历史大致可以划分为四个主要的阶段(Four Main Stages): 第一阶段:Discovery of Cell 细胞的发现,16
7、世纪末-19世纪30年代。 第二阶段:Cell Theory 细胞学说提出,19世纪30年代-20世纪中期。 第三阶段:Ultrastructure 超微结构研究,20世纪30年代-70年代。 第四阶段:Molecular Cell Biology 分子细胞生物学,20世纪70年代分子克隆技术出现以来。,一、显微镜的发明与细胞的发现 Invention of Microscopy and Discovery of Cell,没有显微镜就不可能有细胞学诞生。 1、1590年,荷兰眼镜制造商J和Z.Janssen父子制作了第一台复式显微镜。 2、1665年,英国人Robert Hook首次描述了植
8、物细胞(木栓),命名为cella。 3、1680年,荷兰人A.van Leeuwenhoek成为皇家学会会员,他一生中制作了200多台显微镜和400多个镜头,用设计较好的显微镜观察了许多动植物的活细胞与原生动物。,Robert Hooke,Made by A.van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Magnification ranges at 50-275x.,Large Student Microscope made by Charles Chevalier 1840,4、1752年,英国人J. Dollond 发明消色差显微镜。 5、1812年,苏格兰人D. Brews
9、ter 发明油浸物镜,改进了体视显微镜。 6、1886年,德国人Ernst Abbe 发明复消差显微镜,并改进了油浸物镜,至此普通光学显微镜技术基本成熟。,Bausch & Lomb Investigator microscope circa 1893,现代显微镜,5、1932年,荷兰籍德国人F. Zernike成功设计了相差显微镜(phase contrast microscope),并因此获1953年诺贝尔物理奖。,7、1932年,德国人M.Knoll和E.A.F.Ruska发明电镜,1940年,美、德制造出分辨力为0.2nm的商品电镜。,TEM,8、1981年,瑞士人G.Binnig和H
10、.RoherI在IBM苏黎世实验中心(Zurich Research Center)发明了扫描隧道显微镜(scanning tunneling microscope)而与电镜发明者Ruska同获1986年度的诺贝尔物理学奖。,Cs atoms (red) on the GaAs surface (blue).,显微镜 Microscope 光学显微镜 Light Microscope;相差显微镜 Phase Contrast Microscope; 电子显微镜 Electron Microscope, EM;扫描电子显微镜 Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM;透
11、射电子显微镜 Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM 原子力显微镜 Atomic Force Microscope, AFM;扫描隧道显微镜 Scanning Tunneling Microscope,STM,二、细胞学说 Cell Theory,Jean-Baptiste de Lamark (17441829),获得性遗传理论的创始人,法国退伍陆军中尉,50岁成为巴黎动物学教授,1809年他认为只有具有细胞的机体,才有生命。“It has been recognized for a long time that the membranes which f
12、orm the envelopes of the brain,of the nerves,of vessels,of all kinds of glands,of viscera,of muscles and their fibers,and even the skin of the body are in general the productions of cellular tissue。 But no one,so far as I know, has yet perceived that cellular tissue is the general matrix of all orga
13、nization and that without this tissue no living body would be able to exist,nor could it have been formed。”,Charles Brisseau Milbel(17761854),法国植物学家,1802年认为植物的每一部分都有细胞存在,“the plant is wholly formed of a continuous cellular membranous tissue。Plants are made up of cells,all parts of which are in conti
14、nuity and form one and the same membranous tissue”。 Henri Dutrochet (17761847),法国生理学家,1824年进一步描述了细胞的原理,他认为 “All organic tissues are actually globular cells of exceeding smallness,which appear to be united only by simple adhesive forces; thus all tissues, all animal (and plant) organs, are actually o
15、nly a cellular tissue variously modified。This uniformity of finer structure proves that organs actually differ among themselves merely in the nature of the substances contained in the vesicular cells of which they are composed” 。,Matthias Jacob Schleiden(18041881),德国植物学教授,1838年发表“植物发生论”(Beitrge zur
16、Phytogenesis),认为无论怎样复杂的植物都有形形色色的细胞构成。 Theodor Schwann(18101882),德国解剖学教授,一开始就研究Schleiden的细胞形成学说,并于1838年提出了“细胞学说”(Cell Theory)这个术语;1939年发表了“关于动植物结构和生长一致性的显微研究”,Schwann提出: 有机体是由细胞构成的; 细胞是构成有机体的基本单位。 1855 德国人R. Virchow 提出“一切细胞来源于细胞”(omnis cellula e cellula)的著名论断;进一步完善了细胞学说。 把细胞作为生命的一般单位,以及作为动植物界生命现象的共同基
17、础的这种概念立即受到了普遍的接受。 恩格斯将细胞学说誉为19世纪的三大发现之一。,Cell theory has three basic tenets:,1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.,2.The cell is basic unit of structure and function for all organisms.,3.All cells arise only from preexisting cells by division.,Why are cells the basic units of life?,A.
18、The cell is the structural unit of life, All organisms is make up of cells.,B.The cell is the functional unit of organisms. All metabolic activity is based on cells.,C. The cell is the foundation of reproduce, and the bridge of inheritance.,D. The cell is the growing and developing basis of life,Hum
19、an fetal development. (a)At 5 weeks, limb buds, eyes, the heart, the liver and rudiments of all other organs have started to develop in the embryo, which is only about 1cm long. (b)Growth and development of the offspring, now called a fetus, continue during the second trimester. This fetus is 14 wee
20、ks old and about 6cm long. (c)The fetus in this photograph is 20 weeks old. Now the fetus grows to about 30cm in length.,E. Cell (nucleus) is totipotent, which can create a new organism of the same type,As a general rule, the cells of a multicellular organism all contain the same set of genes. For a
21、nimals, the first evidence that even highly specialized cell carry a full complement of genes was verified by the experiment of tadpole nuclei transplanting into unfertilized egg that had been deprived of its own nucleus. Some can develop swimming tadpoles. This is animal cloning. An especially dram
22、atic example of animal cloning was reported in 1997. Dolly the first animal ever cloned from a cell derived from an adult.,Dolly and her daughter,The process of cloning Dolly,Is there any practical value to such technology?,1、1839年,捷克人J. E. Pukinye 用protoplasm这一术语描述细胞物质,“Protoplast”为神学用语,指人类始祖亚当。 2、
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