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1、Occupational Safety and Health,Global Estimates (Annually),1.2 million work-related deaths 250 million accidents 160 million work-related diseases 4% of gross national product is lost,The cost of accidents and occupational diseases in EU-15 countries ranges between 2.6.3.8% of GNP (Gross National Pr
2、oduct)* Investments of EU-25 countries in the science 1.86% GNP*,Scale of accidents and incidents in occupation,* Georgios Katalagarianakis (European Commision, DG Research), General Assembly of ETPIS, February 2007, Stuttgart. * Eurostat, OECD.,One worker died every 2 hours One worker became a vict
3、im of accident every 5 seconds 4900 fatalities occurred in 7.6 million accidents at work 4.9 million accidents resulted in more the 3 days of absence from work,The Costs of Chinas Modernization,Industrial accidents and disasters are responsible for over one million casualties and the loss of six per
4、cent of GDP every year.,Occupational Injuries (Hong Kong),Acknowledgement to Hong Kong Occupational Safety and Health Council,Industrial Accidents (Hong Kong),Occupational Diseases,Number of Confirmed Occupational Diseases in 2001,Terminology,Safety - Control of accidental loss Accident - Any undesi
5、red circumstance which gives rise to all health or injury; damage to property, products or environment; production losses; or increased liabilities. Incident - all undesired circumstances & near miss which have the potential to cause accidents.,Pyramid of accidents,Serious injury,Minor injury,Proper
6、ties damages,Incidents (near miss),What Causes Injuries?,Texas Workers Compensation Insurance Fund 2001,78 %,20%,Unsafe,Conditions,20%,Acts of,God,2%,Unsafe,Acts,78%,UNSAFE CONDITIONS,UNSAFE ACTS,ACTS OF GOD,Cost of accidents,Economic - insured & uninsured Legal - Civil & Criminal liability Social -
7、 Morale, Image,Economic Cost,$ 1,$ 1-3,$ 5-50,Insured cost,Uninsured misc. cost,Uninsured properties damage cost,Economic cost,Uninsured Misc. : Efficiency Medical Administration & Legal Uninsured properties damage Damaged machinery & materials lost Production down time increased insurance premiums,
8、Legal cost,Criminal liability (fine & imprisonment) Factory & Industrial Undertaking Ordinance Occupational Safety & Health Ordinance Other legislation Civil liability (compensation) Law of contract Law of tort,Social Cost,Relation with employee (Morale) Business opportunity Public relation Social i
9、mage,REMEMBER No job is so important and No service is so urgent that we cannot take time to perform our work safely.,Accident Case Study,Unsafe Act or Unsafe Condition,Industrial safety: among major problems,Industrial safety Running down of traditional energy sources Reliability of supply of energ
10、y sources Terrorism Global warming,BP accident in Texas City (23th March 2005)*,* Richard Gowland (ETPIS Chairman), 1st ETPIS Mirror Group Meeting, European Council, March 2007, Brussels,BP accident in Texas City,* Richard Gowland (ETPIS Chairman), 1st ETPIS Mirror Group Meeting, European Council, M
11、arch 2007, Brussels,15 workers killed 170 people injured Extensive damage to the plant and nearby town,Dailly Telegraph 2007 02 12, “Funds turn screw” A group of 39 UK public sector pension funds are turning the screw on BP over the oil majors safety failures. The Local Authority Person Fund Forum w
12、hose members have over 70,Gas Leakage at HKU,Mishandling of acid in an open area Safety procedures have not been followed Loose supervision Evacuation enforced after the accident,HP water cleaning,Workers not properly trained for the safe use of equipment Equipment malfunction Loose supervision & un
13、clear working procedures Use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment ) may help,Drainage Construction,( 星 島 日 報 報 道 ) 屯 門 掃 管 笏 路 一 個 水 務 署 鋪 設 排 水 渠 地 盤 , 昨 午 發 生 塌 泥 活 埋 工 人 慘 劇 。 兩 名 地 盤 雜 工 在 地 坑 中 工 作 時 , 疑 因 連 日 天 雨 沖 失 泥 土 , 逾 噸 重 的 沙 泥 突 然 蓋 下 , 其 中 一 人 及 時 走 避 , 另 一 人 則 不 幸 遭 活 埋 。 消 防 員 花 兩
14、小 時 才 將 其 挖 出 , 惟 已 告 回 天 乏 術 勞 工 處 人 員 事 後 到 場 調 查 , 發 現 地 坑 內 並 無 安 全 措 施 設 置 , 初 步 懷 疑 有 人 為 疏 忽 釀 成 意 外 , 但 真 正 原 因 仍 要 進 一 步 了 解 。 勞 工 處 人 員 表 示 , 一 般 情 況 下 , 地 盤 負 責 人 有 責 任 在 工 程 前 進 行 危 險 評 詁 , 顯 然 這 個 地 盤 無 進 行 此 項 工 作 。,Residence Building Site,( 星 島 日 報 報 道 ) 觀 塘 月 華 街 兩 個 月 前 造 成 一 死 兩 傷
15、的 簷 篷 倒 塌 意 外 , 引 起 各 方 關 注 。 屋 宇 署 調 查 報 告 指 出 , 意 外 是 由 於 拆 卸 非 法 鐵 籠 , 而 引 致 簷 篷 倒 塌 。 該 署 已 將 報 告 轉 交 律 政 司 考 慮 進 一 步 行 動 。 法 律 界 人 士 說 , 這 宗 個 案 將 涉 及 複 雜 的 訴 訟 程 序 , 但 有 關 單 位 業 主 及 承 建 商 , 均 可 能 面 對 入 獄 及 罰 款 的 刑 責 。 法 律 界 人 士 說 , 這 宗 意 外 將 會 涉 及 復 雜 的 訴 訟 程 序 , 業 主 作 為 僭 建 物 擁 有 人 , 一 定 要 承
16、擔 法 律 責 任,HAZARD AWARENESS,HAZARD AWARENESS,Identify unsafe acts and conditions An unsafe act is something that a person habitually does that may result in an accident. An unsafe condition is something about the physical environment that may present a danger. Determine the corrective actions Safety
17、shall take corrective action to eliminate the cause of nonconformities in order to prevent recurrence. Corrective action, and the response time to initiate such actions, shall be appropriate to the consequences of the nonconformities. Implement corrective actions Administrative (through personnel, m
18、anagement, monitoring, limiting worker exposure, measuring performance, training and education, housekeeping and maintenance.) Engineering (isolation of source, lockout procedure, design, process or procedural changes, monitoring and warning equipment, chemical or material substitution.) PPE (body p
19、rotection, fall protection.),Can you find the hazard(s)?,1,2,3,4,Is there a Hazard?,How about now?,Common Workplace Hazards,Fire and preventions Safety in Lifting Operations Machinery Safety Working at Heights Chemical Safety Electrical Safety Office,Fire,combustible materials used for partitions, f
20、ixtures and furniture increase the fire loading in the premises. Due to the lack of proper maintenance and carelessness of staff, fire would be easily occurred. common causes of fire smoking materials left unattended use of flammable liquid and dangerous substances electrical fire due to short circu
21、it or overloading of electrical apparatuses mishandling or naked flame (e.g. lighters, matches,candles etc) arson obstruction in means of escape,Fire,Fire prevention smoking materials use of electrical equipment use of flammable liquids good housekeeping maintenance of Fire Services Installation and
22、 Equipment (FSI),Safety in Lifting operation,Life appliance crab, winch, teagle, pulley block, crane, sheerlegs, excavators, pile driver, pile extractor, dragline, aerial ropeway, aerial cable-way transporter, overhead runaway lifting gear chain sling, ring, link, hook, plate clamp, shackle, swivel/
23、eyebolt,Safety in Lifting operation,causes of lifting accidents lack of training poor maintenance correct plant and equipment not available misuse of plant and equipment hurry to get the job done,Machinery Safety,Hazards associated with machines traps impact contact entanglement ejection Provision o
24、f effective machine layout spacing lighting cables and pipes ergonomics,Machinery Safety,machine layout spacing : to facilitate access of operation, supervision, maintenance, adjustment and cleaning lighting: general and local (for specific operations) cable and pipes: to allow safe access and to av
25、oid tripping, with sufficient headroom ergonomics: provision of seating, correct placing of controls, positioning of operating stations and height of work tables,Working at Heights,works at height - definition any person who is working at a level liable to fall a distance more than 2 meters examples
26、 fall of person due to collapse of scaffold or ladder fall from height fall from working platform, gangway, lift shaft and stairway falling objects,Working at Heights,provision of suitable measures safe use of scaffold provision of working platform, gangways and runs provision of guard rails safe us
27、e of ladders correct pitch (1 meter for every 4 m vertical height) when locate in doorway, have a man to look after the bottom of the ladder inspect ladder before use and regularly,Chemical Safety,Classification of dangerous substances explosive harmful flammable toxic corrosive oxidizing irritant,C
28、hemical Safety,Steps to reduce risk labels on containers and receptacles planning for chemical safety identification of the hazard to be controlled assessment of the risk control of the risk training of staff monitoring the effectiveness of the strategy necessary record-keeping,Electrical Safety,Haz
29、ards electrical shock arc eyes ignition of combustible materials overheating and damage to equipment electrical explosion,causes damaged insulation inadequate systems of work inadequate over current protection (e.g fuse, CB) inadequate earthing carelessness loose contacts and connectors unprotect co
30、nnectors poor maintenance and testing,Electrical Shock,Received when current passes through the body Severity of the shock depends on: Path of current through the body Amount of current flowing through the body (Currents greater than 75 mA) Length of time the body is in the circuit,Recognize the Haz
31、ards,Recognize the Hazards,Stay at least 10 feet away from overhead lines,Office Potential Risk in office,Visible Risk Working with computer Occupational Safety and Health (Display Screen Equipment) Regulation Personal Health Poor Working Condition temperature, air quality, sound level, lighting Inv
32、isible Work pressure,Common Office Safety and Health Hazards,Whats Wrong Here?,VDT Work Positions in Office,VDT Work Positions in Office,Common Causes of Back Injuries,Twisting at the waist while lifting or holding a heavy load . . . this frequently happens when using a shovel.,Common Causes of Back
33、 Injuries,Lifting or carrying objects with awkward or odd shapes . . . .,Common Causes of Back Injuries,Sitting or standing too long in one position . Sitting can be very hard on the lower back .,Common Causes of Back Injuries,It is also possible to injure your back slipping on a wet floor or ice .
34、. .,Things You Can Do,Minimize problems with your back by exercises that tone the muscles in your back, hips and thighs. Before beginning any exercise program, you should check with your doctor,Exercise!,Exercise regularly, every other day. Warm up slowly . . . A brisk walk is a good way to warm up
35、Inhale deeply before each repetition of an exercise and exhale when performing each repetition.,Safety Suggestions,Safety can be achieved at reasonable cost Do it right at the first time or you have to pay more Safety is everyones responsibility Safety requires management support Safety is a culture
36、 & not just a movement,PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE),PPE,Eye protection comes in different types. Goggles are designed for solid or liquid hazards that are airborne and in a quantity that there is a greater likelihood of contact with or near the eye. Safety eyeglasses with protective side shie
37、lds are designed for eye protection when the hazard is more casual by nature and the hazard(s) is of low quantity and likelihood.,EYE PROTECTION,Eyes may need protection from hazards other than those that include a physical contact with the eye. For example, UV light can cause permanent damage to vi
38、sion.,EYE PROTECTION,EYE / FACE PROTECTION,For more severe hazards, full face protection is needed. Examples of this are heavy grinding and heavy spraying or splashing. The full face shield not only protects the eyes, but the entire facial area as well. The face shield affords extra protection again
39、st hazards involving temperature extremes or hazardous chemicals. Due to the wide opening on the sides and bottom of the face shield, protective eyewear must be worn along with the face shield.,HEAD PROTECTION,Hard hats are necessary to protect workers against hazards that include falling objects an
40、d overhead hazards in general. There are different types of hard hats. Some hats are designed to protect only against bumps (low overhead hazards), while others afford protection against falling objects. Metal hard hats should not be worn when there is a potential for contact with anything electrica
41、l. Hard hats must conform with the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1986. Check the label on the hat for compliance with this standard.,FOOT PROTECTION,Proper footwear can afford a level of protection for the feet and toes. Steel-toed boots or shoes protect toes against the crushing hazard of falling obje
42、cts, such involved with pipe moving or heavy material handling. Rubber boots protect the feet against chemical hazards. For chemical hazards, check with your MSDS. Footwear should also be selected based on protection from the walking/working surface. Construction sites with nails, or rough terrain i
43、ncluding sharp rocks will require shoes or boots with sturdy, puncture-resistant soles.,Respiratory and hearing protection, if required, will be covered separately. A specific policy will be provided for each/either if the use of this protective equipment is required.,OTHER PROTECTION,A Brief Guide
44、to the Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance,Purposes of the Ordinance General Duties of Employers Duties of Occupier of Premises Duties of Employees Duties of Person Responsible for a Workplace,Purposes of the Ordinance,To ensure the safety and health of employees when they are at work; To presc
45、ribe measures that will make the workplaces of employees safer and healthier for them; To improve the safety and health standards applicable to certain hazardous processes, plant and substances used or kept in workplaces; And. To improve the safety and health aspects of working environments of emplo
46、yees.,General Duties of Employers,Provide and maintain plant and system of work that are safe and without risks to health; Make arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use, handling, storage or transport of plant or substances; Provide information, inst
47、ruction, training and supervision as may be necessary to ensure the safety and health at work; Maintain workplace including the means of access to and egress from the workplace in a condition that is safe and without risks to health; And Provide and maintain workplace and working environment that ar
48、e safe and without risks to health.,Duties of Occupier of Premises,To ensure that the premises, the means of access to and egress from the premises and any plant or substances kept at the premises are safe and without risks to health.,Duties of Employees,Take care for the safety and health of himsel
49、f and of other persons who are at the workplace. Co-operate with employer or other person so far as may be necessary to enable safety and health requirements are complied with. do not damage or obstruct means of escape from a workplace. do not damage or interfere with fire safety measures. use the mechanical aid and protective equipment provided by the employer for use in manual handling operations and conform to the system of work and work practices established by the employer for these operations.,EMPLOYEE RIGHTS,as far as possible, to
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