费晓方《细胞生物学》07chapter5ii energy generation in mitochondria and chloroplasts.ppt
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1、Chloroplast and photosynthesis,Comparison of a mitochondrion and a chloroplast.,The chloroplast. This photosynthetic organelle contains three distinct membranes (the outer membrane, the inner membrane, and the thylakoid membrane) that define three separate internal compartments (the intermembrane sp
2、ace, the stroma, and the thylakoid space). The thylakoid membrane contains all of the energy-generating systems of the chloroplast. In electron micrographs this membrane appears to be broken up into separate units that enclose individual flattened vesicles but these are probably joined into a single
3、, highly folded membrane in each chloroplast. As indicated, the individual thylakoids are interconnected, and they tend to stack to form aggregates called grana.,1、Chloroplast membrane,(A) A wheat leaf cell in which a thin rim of cytoplasm containing chloroplasts surrounds a large vacuole. (B) A thi
4、n section of a single chloroplast, showing the starch granules and lipid droplets that have accumulated in the stroma as a result of the biosyntheses occurring there. (C) A high-magnification view of a granum, showing its stacked thylakoid membrane. (Courtesy of K. Plaskitt.),2、Stroma,Stroma contain
5、s many metabolic enzyme and its own genome and genetic system. Stroma also contains a special set of ribosomes, RNA and DNA. 核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(rebulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, Rubisco),3、Thylakoid,Grana Granum thylakoid Stroma lamella Stroma thylakoid,The thylakoid membrane contain a
6、ll the light-capturing systems, the electron-transport chain, and ATP synthase.,Five protein complex: PSII PSI Cytochrome b6/f complex CF0-CF1 ATP synthase Chla/b light-harvesting complex,The main function of chloroplast,photosynthesis,Light reaction,Carbon-fixation reaction,Primary reaction,Photosy
7、nthetic electron transfer chain,Photophosphorylation,C4,C3,CAM,Pigment,-CHO in chl b,Prophyrin ring,The ratio of chl a and chl b is 3:1 The ratio of chlorophyll and carotenoid is 3:1,Pigment contain chlorophyll, carotenoid and phycobilin. Chlorophyll contain chl a and chl b. Carotenoid is accessory
8、pigment. The main type contain -carotene and lutein.,Primary reaction,约300个叶绿素分子和一些肽链构成。 全部叶绿素b和大部分叶绿素a都是天线色素。,集光复合体,The antenna complex and photochemical reaction center in a photosystem,Pheo in PII,Chla(A0) in PI,Photosynthetic electron transfer chain,photosystem I photosystem II cytochrome b6/f c
9、omplex,Photosystem II P680,14 chlorophyll molecule,吸收高峰为波长680nm处,又称P680 。至少包括12条多肽链。位于EFs, EFu上,基粒与基质非接触区域的类囊体膜上。包括一个集光复合体(light-hawesting comnplex ,LHC )、一个反应中心和一个含锰原子的放氧复合体(oxygen evolving complex)。,D1多肽链上的酪氨酸残基,COO-,C,H3N+,H,CH2,OH,M,M3+,M2+,M+,M4+,cytochrome b6/f complex,可能以二聚体形成存在,每个单体含有四个不同的亚基
10、。细胞色素b6(b563)、细胞色素f、铁硫蛋白、以及亚基(被认为是质体醌的结合蛋白)。,(PSI) P700,能被波长700nm的光激发,又称P700 。包含多条肽链,位于基粒与基质接触区和基质类囊体膜中。由集光复合体和作用中心构成。结合100个左右叶绿素分子、除了几个特殊的叶绿素为中心色素外,其它叶绿素都是天线色素。三种电子载体分别为A0(一个chla分子)、A1(为维生素K1)及3个不同的4Fe-4S。,Light-dependent reaction: Electron transport in the thylakoid membrane and noncyclic photopho
11、sphorylation:,Noncyclic photophosphorylation,Cyclic photophosphorylation:,Cyclic photophosphorylation,PSI and PSII,Photosynthesis in a chloroplast. Water is oxidized and oxygen is released in the photosynthetic electron-transfer reactions, while carbon dioxide is assimilated (fixed) to produce carbo
12、hydrate in the carbon-fixation reactions.,Changes in redox potential during photosynthesis.,光合过程中氧化还原电势的变化,Photosynthesis,? resemblance ? difference,Comparison of a mitochondrion and a chloroplast.,叶绿体功能示意图,叶绿体的ATP合成酶结构示意图,叶绿体类囊体膜中进行光合磷酸化的图解,叶绿体类囊体膜上进行光合磷酸化,(三)暗反应 C3途径(C3 pathway):亦称卡尔文 (Calvin)循环。C
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