Common problemsChinese Sci写作技巧.ppt
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1、Common Difficulties Encountered by Non-Native English Speakers,(especially Chinese),2,Tense,Problem: Chinese language does not have tenses We discussed this a little yesterday. In a scientific paper: Abstract: usually past tense, except introductory statement may be present tense Introduction: usual
2、ly present tense Methods: past tense Results: past tense Discussion: present tense,3,Subject-Verb Agreement,For complicated sentences, remember to look for the subject, where ever it may be, and make the verb agree with the subject. Read the sentence without all the modifiers and clauses to help you
3、 Diagram the sentence to help you,4,Plural Nouns Used as Adjective,When a plural noun is used as an adjective, it becomes singular: Phenotype of dendritic cells cells is a plural noun Dendritic cell phenotype phenotype is the noun and cells is the adjective But cells becomes singular as the adjectiv
4、e Dendritic cell population population of dendritic cells,5,Abbreviations: Singular or Plural?,If a word or term will be used in both the singular and plural, then it is better to derive the abbreviation from the singular form and add an s to make it plural. An important effector cell in an immune r
5、esponse is the dendritic cell (DC). Islet infiltrates consist mainly of T cells but also include macrophages, DCs, and B cells.,6,Commonly Used Terms,Suggest: to cause you to think about something Use when your results point to that direction, but you havent totally proven it The genetic results sug
6、gest that CD103 is a candidate gene for the development of type 1 diabetes. Assess: to evaluate, but in common speech usually refers to estimating a value for something. Not a great word to use in science. Use determine instead.,7,Commonly Used Terms,Determine: to decide or settle, to reach a conclu
7、sion We wanted to determine For experiments that have not yet been done: The actual binding constant remains to be determined. Investigate vs Examine investigate: to observe or determine in detail examine: to analyze or carefully observe But investigate is a little stronger, and shows more action,8,
8、Commonly Used Terms,Demonstrate vs Show Demonstrate: to prove or make evident by reasoning, to describe by experiment Show: to make visible, to present Demonstrate is stronger for science writing But use show for: As shown in Fig. 14 Not: As showed in Fig. 14,9,Commonly Used Terms,Imply vs Implicate
9、: frequently misused Implicate: to connect or involve Our results implicate glucocorticoids as a cause for Imply: to say or express indirectly The surgeon implied that the disease was fatal. Elucidate: to make clear Usually used with respect to something very complicated Our long-term goal is to elu
10、cidate the role of PPAR2 in the development of type I diabetes.,10,Slang/Spoken Language,Be careful not to use slang or common terms getting the DNA sequence Change to: determining the DNA sequence,11,Articles: A/An/The,Which to use: a/an or the? When to use them, when not to. Often it takes an “ear
11、” for the language, which takes time to develop. One of the most difficult concepts in writing for non-native English speakers, both European and Asian.,12,Articles: A/An/The,Identify nouns as nouns, as general or specific articles are not adjectives A/An: indefinite, evolved from the word one Used
12、only in singular If a noun is plural, the a/an is usually omitted The: specifies the noun The picture means a specific picture A picture could refer to any picture,13,Rules,Use a or an with singular nouns that name things that can be counted but whose specific identity is not known. A paper, an expe
13、riment NOT: The nurse gave a water to the patient. Water cannot be counted. So it should read: The nurse gave water to the patient. Use the with most nouns whose identity is known to the reader The professor teaching this class The experiment that I just described,14,Rules,Do not use the with most s
14、ingular proper nouns. NOT: the Professor Dynan, NOT: the China But there are many exceptions: The United States of America, The Peoples Republic of China The Medical College of Georgia,15,Articles: A/An/The,British and American writing differ somewhat British omit the article before singular nouns t
15、hat refer to places or times British: He attends university. American: He attends a university. But there are some nouns in American English where the article is also omitted. On Sunday, she always goes to church. We, of course, would like you to learn American English!,16,A or An?,Rule Use a before
16、 a word that starts with a consonant Use an before a word that starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) But It is the sound of, not the letter at, the beginning of the word A university/an umbrella A hero/an honest person,17,A/An/The,Yes, it is confusing.but dont worry. You will get the hang of it with p
17、ractice! ,18,Whether,Conjunction used in indirect questions to introduce an alternative Sentence does not take a ? because the question is indirect These experiments will tell us whether GILZ inhibits marker gene expression indirectly through down-regulation of PPAR2.,19,Whether,Do not use whether o
18、r not. Or not is redundant. NO: These experiments will tell us whether or not GILZ inhibits marker gene expression indirectly through down-regulation of PPAR2. Do not use as to whether. Change to whether.,20,Which/That,Pronouns that introduce adjectival clauses (clauses that modify nouns in the sent
19、ence) Restrictive clauses define the noun Use that No commas Non-restrictive clauses are extra and the sentence is meaningful without them Use which Set the phrase off by commas,21,Which/That: Examples,Regulatory CD4+ T cells in non-obese diabetic mice may include Th2 cells (which/that) secrete Il-4
20、, Il-5, Il-6, Il-10, and Il-30. Answer: Regulatory CD4+ T cells in non-obese diabetic mice may include Th2 cells, which secrete Il-4, Il-5, Il-6, Il-10, and Il-30. Because the clause is non-restrictive, is extra. Sentence has meaning without the clause. Which Use commas,22,Which/That: Examples,Effec
21、tor CD4+ T cells in non-obese diabetic mice may include cells (which/that) secrete Il-2, Il-3, Il-12, IFN- and TNF-. Answer: Effector CD4+ T cells in non-obese diabetic mice may include cells that secrete Il-2, Il-3, Il-12, IFN- and TNF-. The clause is restrictive, defines the cells, is needed for t
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