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1、1,(Sources of International Law) 國際法的來源 Considered by scholars: 學者的考慮: 1. customs 一、慣例 2. treaties 二、條約,Treaties, Customs and Other Sources 條約、慣例與其他來源,2,3. decisions of courts or arbitrators 三、法院或仲裁人的裁決 4. scholarly works 四、學術著作 5. determinations of I.O.s, e.g. UN 五、國際機構的決定,例如聯合國 6. general principl
2、es of domestic law 六、本土法律的一般原則,3,Considered by ICJ (Statute Article 38): 國際法院法規第三十八條所考慮的 1. treaties 一、條約 2. customs 二、慣例 3. general principles of law 三、一般性法律原則 4. decisions of courts and works of scholars 四、法庭裁決及學者著作,4,Custom Plays important role in areas not covered by treaties, judicial decisions
3、 or jurists writings 慣例在條約、法院裁決或法學家著作所沒有涵蓋的範圍是非常重要的 Custom is related to, but not the same as usage or practice 慣例是跟習慣相關,但又不盡相同 Usage or practice found in what states do, dont do or say 習慣是可以從國家所做或不做、講或不講中找到,5,Custom is a unified and consistent practice that has the force of law. Examples: 慣例是一種一致、一
4、貫並且具有法律效力的習慣。例如: 1. Enslave, dont execute prisoners 一、奴役而不處決囚犯 2. claim 12 mile limit on territorial waters 二、聲稱有十二英里領海界限 Customs arise from diplomacy, treaties, I.O.s practices, Domestic law of states 慣例源自外交、條約、國際組織的習慣和本土法律,6,The Scotia (US Supreme Court 1871) - domestic laws of many states require
5、 ships to carry lights; therefore its the custom Scotia 美國最高法院 1871:多個州的本土法律均要求船隻攜燈;因此,這便成為慣例 Evidence of state practices found in: 國家習慣的例證可在以下找到: 1. official documents and books 一、官方文件及書籍 2. internal regulations of state 二、國內規則,7,Single action by single state not custom; if practice not constant an
6、d uniform, its not a custom 單一國家所做的單一行動,並不是慣例;如果習慣不是不變的和一致的,都不算是慣例 Example: The Asylum Case (ICJ 1950) 例如:庇護權案國際法院 1950 Peruvian politician de la Torre gets asylum in Colombian Embassy; Peru refused safe conduct pass 秘魯政客de la Torre向哥倫比亞大使館尋求庇護;秘魯拒絕予其安全通行證 Colombia argued that under regional custom,
7、 de la Torre entitled to safe conduct 哥倫比亞認為根據地區性慣例,de la Torre是享有安全通行的,8,ICJ held that no constant and uniform useage and many inconsistencies in practice. Therefore, no custom existed 國際法院認為是沒有不變而統一的慣例,而且在習慣中有很多不統一的地方。因此,並沒有慣例的存在 Custom may arise after short time, if practice is extensive and unif
8、orm and theres no inconsistent practice 如果習慣是廣泛和無異的,而且沒有不一致的地方,慣例便可能很快的形成 Example: right to exploit continental shelf 例如:大陸架開發權 Existence of custom produces an opinio juris: 慣例的存在產生了法律確信:,9,Present where rule so widely and generally accepted that no civilized state would repudiate it 當規則被廣泛地和普遍地接受,沒
9、有文明的國家會將之廢棄的 States convinced that certain conduct permitted or required by IL 國家明白,一些行為是國際法所容許或要求的 Example: right of state to try foreigners who commit crimes on states territory 例如:國家是有權審問任何在其國土犯罪的外國人 Requirement that ship sailing at night have lights 要求夜間航行的船隻亮燈,10,If State A acts against interes
10、ts of State B, and State B doesnt protest, good evidence that a customary rule exists 假如國家甲做某事而傷害了國家乙的利益,而國家乙不作抗議,這便是慣例規則存在的好例證 If State A acts against State B and States B, C, D, etc. protest, also good evidence of rule 如果國家甲做某事而傷害了國家乙,而國家乙、丙、丁等抗議,這同樣是規則的好例證 State can defend against opinio juris ar
11、gument by showing its always rejected rule 國家可以用總是違反規則為理由,抗辯法律確信的論點 Example: Anglo-Norweign Fisheries Case (1951) 例如:英國挪威魚業案1951,11,UK argued that straight-line must be drawn across bays of less than 10 miles 英國堅稱跨過海灣所畫的直線,必須少於十英里 ICJ ruled that useage of states in measuring territorial sea not simp
12、le 國際法院裁決國家量度領海的習慣是並不簡單 Moreover, Norway had always opposed straight-line method 再者,挪威一直反對直線方法的 Example: Portugal-India Case (1960) 例如:葡萄牙印度案 1960,12,India tried to stop Portuguese from crossing Indian territory to get to Goa 印度嘗試阻止葡萄牙人跨過印度國境前往果阿 ICJ held that treaties between Portugal and India est
13、ablished custom for Portuguese to have servitude 國際法院舉出葡、印兩國之間的條約建立了葡人擁有地役權的慣例 Example: The Paquete Habana (1934) 例如:哈瓦那郵船案 1934 US captures on high seas and sells two 2 Spanish fishing boats during Spanish-American War 西班牙美國戰爭的時候,美國在公海拿捕了兩艘西班牙漁船,並將之出售,13,US Supreme Court held that over centuries, c
14、ustom giving immunity to fishing boats 美國最高法院認為在過往的多個世紀,慣例給予漁船豁免權 Example: the Lotus Case (PCIJ 1927) 例如:蓮花號案 常設國際法院 1927 French ship sinks Turkish ship on high seas 法國船隻於公海弄沉土耳其船 French Lt. Demons at fault. 法國海軍上尉德蒙犯錯,14,Turkey said it was permitted to try Demons for manslaughter; France said rule
15、forbids Turkey to try him; only France can do so 土耳其表示獲准以誤殺之罪審問德蒙;法國認為規則禁止土耳其這樣做,只有法國可以這樣做 PCIJ held that most states in Turkeys position didnt prosecute; but where injured states took position same as that of Turkey, other states hadnt protested. 常設國際法院判稱大部分跟土耳其情況相同的國家沒有提出控訴;但是受傷害的國家與土耳其採取相同立場,其他國家
16、未曾抗議 Therefore no custom giving exclusive jurisdiction to country of ships flag 因此,不存在給予船隻懸掛旗幟國家專屬司法權的慣例,15,Many treaties to codify customary law 很多條約皆被用於編纂慣例法 Many compromises made and disputes over what is custom continue: 有關何謂慣例的妥協和爭論是持續不斷的: Example: Dispute over Gulf of Sidra 例如:關於錫德拉灣的爭議 Treati
17、es條約 Conventions, pacts, covenants, charters, protocols all = treaties 公約、協定、盟約、憲章、議定書全部皆是條約 Not all agreements between states are treaties; some are just contracts 不是所有國與國之間的協議都是條約;有些祗是合約,16,Two types of treaties: 兩種條約: 1. law-making: lay down rules of universal or general application 一、立法:設下普遍運用的規
18、則 Example: Convention on Consular Relations 例如:領事關係公約 2. treaty-contracts: concerns only the two states 條約-合約:祗涉及兩國 Example: Russia sells US Alaska, UK-PRC Joint Declaration of 1984 例如:俄羅斯將阿拉斯加賣給美國; 一九八四年中英聯合聲明,17,Treaties can be multi-lateral. Example: World Trade Organization treaty 公約可以是多邊的。例如:世界
19、貿易組織公約 Treaties can be bi-lateral. Example: extradition treaty 公約可以是雙邊的。例如:引渡公約 Treaties can even be unilateral. Example: Nuclear Tests Case (1974), where ICJ ruled that since France had said it would no longer test bombs in Pacific, it was bound. 公約亦可以是單邊的。例如: 核試驗案 1974中,國際法院裁定因為法國曾宣稱不會再在太平洋區試驗炸彈,所
20、以應該受到約束,18,Although some law-making treaties claim to be universal, non-parties must signal their intention to be bound, or they may not be 雖然有些立法公約聲言是普遍性的,但非締約國家必須表明其接受約束的意向,否則他們可能不受約束 Example: North Sea Continental Shelf Case (1969). Treaty required equidistance rule be applied to divide up contin
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