第二部分重要语法.ppt
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1、第二部分 重要语法,谓语动词,谓语动词在高考语法填空中是必考内容,每年必考一个小题,其中2009年有两个小题。谓语动词需考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等几个方面。,谓语动词,请做下列高考真题。 1. (2013) Suddenly, he_ (find) that he had run out of salt. So Nick called to his son 思路点拨:found 在人称代词主格(he)后没有别的谓语动词,find应是谓语动词,又由宾语从句的时态和下句的时态可知,用一般过去时。,真题再练,2. (2012) He walked in as if he _ (buy) the
2、 school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. 思路点拨:had bought 在主格人称代词he后,显然是作谓语;又因他不可能是买下了这个学校,故应用虚拟语气,与过去事实相反,故填had bought。,3. (2011) I noticed a man sitting at the front. He_ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. 思路点拨:was pretending 由前后语境可知,指作者看到他时,他
3、“在假装”。,4. (2010) After a four-day journey, the young man_ (present) the water to the old man. His teacher took a deep drink 思路点拨:presented 谓语动词,由前后句谓语动词的时态可知,用一般过去时。,5. (2009) People stepped on your feet or_ (push) you with their elbows (肘部), hurrying ahead to get to a bargain. 思路点拨: pushed 由or可知,与s
4、tepped并列,一起作谓语;stepped是一般过去时,所以push也用一般过去时。,6. (2009) When Jane got home Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane_ (inform). 思路点拨:was informed 句中Jane是主语,其后的inform应是谓语;又因Jane与inform是被动关系,且前面各句谓语动词均为一般过去时,所以inform用一般过去时的被动语态。,7. (2008) Being too anxious to help a
5、n event develop often_ (result) in the contrary to our intention. 思路点拨:results 因Being too anxious to help an event develop是动名词短语,在句中作主语,没有别的谓语动词,括号中所给的result就应是谓语动词,根据句意“太着急促使一件事情发展,其结果往往和我们的意图相反(欲速则不达)。”这是谚语,是客观真理,应当用一般现在时,动名词短语作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数,故填results。,8. (2007) I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mo
6、untains. The sun was setting when my car _ (break) down near a remote village. 思路点拨:broke 在when后的句子中,my car是主语,其后的break应是谓语;因全文是叙述过去的经历,用一般过去式;再说was/were doingwhendid是一个固定句型,when后面的句子的谓语用一般过去时,表示“正在做某事,就在这个时候发生了另一事”.,考情分析,由上表可知,除2009年有两小题外,其余每年一个小题;除2008年是现在时外,其余为过去时,一般过去时4道,过去进行时1道,被动语态1道,虚拟语气1道。,在
7、语法填空中,一般有一空是考查谓语动词,同时有一空是考查非谓语动词,因此,首先要判断括号中所给动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词;若是谓语动词,要考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等四个方面。其中时态的判断主要有三条依据: (1)根据前后句的时态判断; (2)根据时间状语来判断;,解题技巧,(3)根据固定句式来判断。如Hardly had sb. done whendid; was /were doing sth. whendid; its the first time when sb. has done等。,一、时态 时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语中的时态是通过动词形
8、式本身的变化来实现的。英语中常用的时态有16种,但高考考试说明中规定要掌握的有十种:,考点归纳,注:(1)表示将来还有多种形式: be going to +动词原形。 be to+动词原形。 The book I edited is to appear soon. 我编的那本书不久即将问世。 be about to+动词原形。不能同表示时间的词语连用,表示“即将,就要”。,在飞机、火车等时刻表中规定的事情,或在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,要用一般现在时表示将来。 Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。 The plane takes off a
9、t 9:30 and arrives in Shanghai at 10:20. 飞机九点半起飞,十点二十分抵达上海。,表示计划好的活动,还常用现在进行时表将来, 此时一定要与表示将来的时间状语连用。 They are having a party next week.下星期他们将开一个晚会。 (2)现在进行时与always,continually,constantly等连用,表示说话人的某种情感,如赞扬,遗憾,讨厌或不满等。如: He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。(赞扬),二、语态 语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作
10、的接受者为被动语态。被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,不同时态的被动语态的形式由be来体现,请看下表(以do为例): 一般现在时:am/is/are done 一般过去时: was/were done 一般将来时: shall/will be done,过去将来时: should/would be done 现在进行时: am/is/are being done 过去进行时: was/were being done 现在完成时: has/ have been done 过去完成时: had been done 将来完成时: shall/ will have been done 过去将来完成时:
11、 should/would have been done,重点掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时的被动语态,以及现在完成时和过去完成时的被动语态。如: Something is learned every time a book is opened.开卷有益。 Roman was not built in a day.伟业非一日之功。,三、语气 语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 (一)用过去式表示的虚拟语气 1. if 引导的虚拟条件句。 虚拟条件句从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:,
12、熟读背诵以下例句,你就掌握了上表的构成形式: (1)与现在事实相反:If I were you, I would take his advice.如果我是你,我就采纳他的建议。(当然,我不可能是你) (2)与过去事实相反:If I had taken his advice,I wouldnt have made so many mistakes. 如果我当初采纳了他的忠告,我就不会犯这么多错误。(但我没听),(3)与将来事实相反:If it rained / should rain / were to rain tomorrow, we wouldnt go there. 如果/万一明天下雨,
13、我们就不去那里。(估计下雨的可能性不大) 注意: (1) 虚拟中的倒装:如果if从句中含were,had, should等,可将其置于句首,省略if。 Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it. 要不是我亲眼所见,我都不会相信了。(= If I had not seen it),(2)错综时间条件句的虚拟语气,即主句与从句的时态不一致。 If I had studied harder at school, I would have a better job now. 如果我上学时更努力,我现在就会有份更好的
14、工作了。(事实是现在的工作不太好) (3) 含蓄虚拟:如without, but for, in the absence of (如果没有), or, otherwise代替if从句。 Without air, we couldnt live.没有空气,我们就不能生存。,Without your help, I couldnt have made such great progress.没有你的帮助,我就不可能取得这么大的成绩。 (4)两个固定句型:if it were not for ; if it had not been for 若不是 If it hadnt been for your
15、 care,my grandma wouldnt have recovered so soon. 要不是有你的照顾,我奶奶就不会痊愈得这么快。,2. as if /或as though后面的从句内容与事实不相符时,从句时态往后退一步,即:表示现在/将来用were / did; 表示过去用had done。 He talks as if he knew everything in the world.他谈起话来就好像世上的事全晓得。 3. would rather后面的句子,其谓语动词的时态往后退一步,即:表示现在/将来用were / did; 表示过去用had done。,I would ra
16、ther you told me the truth. 我愿意你跟我讲真话。 I would rather he hadnt told me about it. 我宁愿他没告诉我这事。(but he had told me) 4. wish / If only / What if从句中,对将来的虚拟用“could / would + 动词原形”。对现在或过去的虚拟时态往后各退一步。 I wish she were not married. 我真希望她没结婚。,I wish I hadnt wasted so much time. 但愿我没浪费这么多时间。 If only I had liste
17、ned to my parents! 我要是当初听了我父母的话就好了。 (二)用(should+)动词原形表示的虚拟语气 1. 句型It is important / necessary / natural / strange / surprising /+ that It is important that he should develop good habits.养成良好习惯对他很重要。,2.表示“建议/要求/劝告/命令”类词,如advise/ demand / desire / insist / order / propose / recommend / request / requi
18、re / suggest / urge 等,作动词时,其后的宾语从句中,或其名词、形容词、过去分词等后的名词性从句中,从句动词用(should+)动词原形。 He insisted that he was not ill, but the doctor insisted that he should take the medicine.他坚持说他没有生病,但医生却坚决要求他吃药。,His face suggested that he was very tired, so I suggested that he should have a good rest. 他的脸色表明他很累了,因此我建议他
19、好好休息。 注意:当suggest意为“表明,暗示”, insist为“坚持已发生或存在的事实”时,要用陈述语气,即实际时态。,(三)用过去式或should do表示的虚拟语气 句型It is (high) time (that)从句中,从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形,should不可以省略,意思是“到了该做的时间了(言外之意是还未做)”。 It is high time that we should take some measures to protect the environment.是该采取措施保护环境的时候了。,(四)“情态动词 + hav
20、e done”表责备或后悔的句型: 1. ought to/ should have done 本应该做(实际没做) 2. oughtnt to /shouldnt have done本不该做(实际做了) 3. could / might have done 本可以做(实际未做) 4. neednt have done 本没必要做 (实际做了),You should have passed the exam, but you were not careful enough.你本该通过考试的,但你不够细心。 You could have done better, but you didnt tr
21、y your best.你本可以做得更好,但是你没有尽力。 We need not have worried about the math exam. It was a piece of cake.我们本不必担心这次数学考试的,实际上很容易。(事实上考前非常担心),四、主谓一致 在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。大致可归纳以下三个原则。 (一)语法一致原则 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:,(1
22、)To study English well is not easy. (2)Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. (3)What he said is very important for us all. 2. 主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:,Mr. Green,
23、 together with his wife and children,has come to China. 3. either, neither, each, every,none 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。如:None of them has been to America. 4. 在定语从句时,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard.,5. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓
24、语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class,crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.,6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:The res
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