复旦大学本科生非英语专业外语能力培养方案-学术英语社科.ppt
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1、学术英语 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,5,Sociology Matters Cultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences. In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop, and how cultures influence one another through their technological, commercial, and ar
2、tistic achievements.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Unit Contents,Text A,Text B,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Lead-in,Text C,Lead-in,Task Read the first paragraph of the text. Work in pairs and write down two examples of the development of culture in China.,1 _ 2 _,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical re
3、ading and thinking Difficult sentences Group discussion English language for academic purpose,Collocations Signpost language Formal English,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis Analyzing the text by explaining key terms 1 Culture,the totality of learn
4、ed, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 2 Cultural universals,adaptations to meet essential human needs, such as peoples need for food, shelter, and clothing e.g. athletic sports
5、, cooking, funeral ceremonies, medicine, and sexual restrictions (Anthropologist George Murdock) (Para.2),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture: 1) discovery: making known or sharing the exis
6、tence of some aspect of reality e.g. the finding of the DNA molecule; identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5) 2) invention: an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before. e.g. the bow and arrow, automobile, the Internet (Para.5),3 Innovat
7、ion,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 4 Globalization,the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas e.g. Starbucks in China (Para.6),Unit 5 Sociology Matt
8、ers,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 5 Diffusion,the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. e.g. Diffusion can occur through a variety of means: exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence or the mass media,
9、tourism, and the Internet. (Para.7),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 6 McDonaldization,the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout
10、the world,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,McDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures. Examples: In Japan: African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. (Para.9) In Austria: th
11、e McDonalds organization has drawn on Austrians love of coffee, cake, and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. (Para.9),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,In some societies, McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from
12、 other countries. Examples: In Canada: 35% of a stations daytime radio programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or artists. (Para.10) In Brazil: Barbies popularity has been eclipsed by Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls. (Para.10),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical r
13、eading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 7 Technology,cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires e.g. Technology has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. (Para.11),Uni
14、t 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 8 Material culture,the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food items, houses, factories, and raw materials,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Anal
15、ysis 9 Nonmaterial culture,ways of using material objects and customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication It is more resistant to change than material culture.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 10 Cultural lag,the per
16、iod of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions e.g. the ethics of using the Internet, such as issues concerning privacy and censorship (Para.12),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,The cultural practices listed by Murdock may
17、 be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. (Para.3), These cultural practices in Murdocks list are common to many societies, but these practices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Diffic
18、ult sentences,Each generation, and each year for that matter, most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion. (Para.4), For that matter is used to show that a statement is true in another situation. Here it emphasizes the fact that human cultures change rapid
19、ly.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Today, more and more cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders, transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. (Para.7), Today cultural expressions and practices of different countries are influ
20、encing each other. Hence the traditions and customs of many societies are changed under the influence .,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Sociologist George Ritzer coined the term “McDonaldization” (Para.8), Coin: to use a word or phrase that no one has used before. Coining of new
21、terms is common in social science studies, often serving to introduce a new concept or theory.,Her wardrobe includes(Para.10), The clothes that the Brazilian doll has,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Todays technological developments no longer need await publication in journals wi
22、th limited circulation. Press conferences, often carried simultaneously on the Internet, now trumpet new developments.(Para.11), Today when new technology is developed, it does not have to introduce itself in specific journals; rather it normally draws on online press conferences to spread the infor
23、mation.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,the ethics of using the Internet, particularly issues concerning privacy and censorship, have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology. (Para.12), The Internet ethical issues, particularly privacy and censorship i
24、ssues are not fully discussed and well developed, thus is lagging behind the rapid increase in the Internet use and technology.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Group Discussion,It is said that people in different societies take different attitudes toward diffusion. What kind of attitude do Chinese p
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