第四讲18世纪文学.ppt
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1、,English Literature of 18th century,Enlightenment Movement 1. progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe (England, Germany and France) in the 18th century and in Russia in the 19th century (Lenin: bourgeois movement),2. the enlighteners: had hostility to serfdom; strongly advocated
2、the education and self-government and freedom for the masses of people; asserted the right and interests of the people, esp. peasants.,English Enlightenment appear after bourgeois revolution, urge the carrying-on of revolution the English enlighteners considered the chief way to better the society w
3、as “enlightenment” (education). They believe the power of reason. So the 18th C in England is also called “the age of reason”,Enlighteners in English Literature: 2 groups 1. moderate group: Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele, and Richardson They supported the rules of the existing social order and cons
4、idered partial reforms would be sufficient.,2. Radical group: Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Goldsmith and Sheridan They insisted on more resolute democratization in the management of the government. They even partly defended the interests of working people, peasants and laboring class,neo-classicism pe
5、riodical literature sentimental movement novel drama,18th century literature,Neo-classicism Alexander Pope Samuel Johnson,In literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists
6、, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, and so on) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature shou
7、ld be judged in terms of its service to humanity., neo-classicism: modeled on Greek and Latin authors, tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works: 1. drama: rhymed couplet instead of blank verse, the three unities, regularity in construction, pre
8、sentation of types rather than individuals 2. poetry: following the ancient divisions: lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic 3. prose: precise, direct and flexible,4. The basic difference between Dryden and the 18th century enlighteners Dryden: wrote to please the declining aristocracy during t
9、he Restoration period Enlighteners: wrote for the bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social orders,Alexander Pope(1688-1744),1. life story merchants family, Catholic, feeble, severe bodily pain, introduced to literary world by Wycherley, 1713: formed Scriblerus Club (涂鸦社), side not definitely eit
10、her with Whig or Tory Wrote Newtons epitaph: “Nature, and Natures Laws lay hid in Night. God said, Let Newton be ! and All was Light.“,2. works 1). pastoral poems “Pastorals” 田园组诗 “Winsor Forest” 温莎林 “Ode on Solitude” 隐居颂 2). satirical poems “The Rape of the Lock”夺发记 “The Dunciad” 群愚史诗,3). philosoph
11、ical works “An Essay on Criticism”批评论 “An Essay on Man”人论 “Moral Essays” 道德论 4). translation and edition “Iliad” “Odessey” “The Works of Shakespeare”,“An Essay on Criticism” 1). a manifesto of English neo-classicism aesthetic theories of poetry comprehensive study of the theories of literary critici
12、sm 2). criticism on poetry written in blank verse (heroic couplet): how to write and appreciate poetry,3). content: respect to ancient Greek and Roman poets and critics not showing preference either for the Ancients or for the Modernsjudge each individual work according to its own merit or demerit r
13、espect to Shakespeare (violate classical rules),4). a didactic poem in heroic couplet, in a plain style, easy reading. Tis hard to say, if greater Want of Skill Appear in Writing or in Judging ill, But, of the two, less dangrous is th Offence, To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our Sense: Some few
14、in that, but Numbers err in this, Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss;,Famous sayings: For fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 智者裹足不前,愚者铤而走险. To err is human, to forgive, divine. 人皆有错,难能宽恕 A little learning is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人,“The Rape of the Lock” 1). poem in mock-heroic (type
15、of satirical verse which deals with trivial matters in the style of epic or heroic verse 仿英雄体) a quarrel between two aristocratic families: Lord Petres cutting of a lock of Miss Arabella Fermors hair without her permission.,2). analysis social satire of the idle, meaningless life of the aristocratic
16、 bourgeois society of 18th c England Inferior position of women: toys and slaves to mens passion influenced Byrons “Don Juan”,“The Dunciad” 1). satirical poem of personal attack in 4 books, 15 years 2). background: provoked by Theobalds criticism of his edition of Shakespeare, first choosing Theobal
17、d as “the poet laureate” of the kingdom of Dullness. But by and by all the authors who had criticized Pope were ridiculed, and the satire was directed to all the literary vices of the time.,3). bitter satire on Popes rival writers and whole literary life in 18th c England 4). expose and satirize dul
18、lness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education and even religion,“An Essay on Man” 1). philosophical poem in heroic couplet, 4 epistles: Of the Nature and State of Man with respect to the universe with respect to Himself as an individual with respect to society with re
19、spect to happiness 2). Ps political and philosophical stand of an enlightener, influence of Deism,3). selection All Nature is but Art unknown to thee; All chance direction, which thou canst not see; All discord, harmony not understood; All partial evil, universal good: And spite of Pride, in erring
20、Reasons spite, One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right.,4. Comments on Pope (1). Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. (2). His lines are smooth, balanced and concise, a master of the heroic couplet. (3). influenced other writers of hi
21、s age, early 18th c England-the age of Pope,Samuel Johnson (1709-1784),1. life story 1728-29 Oxford 1731 father died, make his own living: usher, translating 1735 married a widow, 20 years senior, 800 , set up a school, failure 1755 Oxford: M.A. 1756 arrested for debt, loan from Richardson 1762 gove
22、rnmental pension: 300,1763 met Boswell biographer 1764 “The Club”, “The Literary Club”, Goldsmith, Sheridan 1765 Trinity College, Dublin: Dr. of Laws 1767 conversation with George , loyal to king 1770 political tracts as Tory 1775 Oxford: Doctor of Laws 1782 paralysis, recovered, “Essex Head Club”,1
23、784 After his death, Johnson received many honors. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, near the memorial to Shakespeare poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist.,2. His works: poems: “London” “The Vanity of Human Wishes” (heroic couplet) romance: “Th
24、e History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia” drama: “Irene” (blank-verse tragedy),periodicals: “The Rambler” “The Idler” critical works: “Lives of the Poets” dictionary: “The Dictionary of the English Language” Letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield,“The Vanity of Human Wishes” 1). sh
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