新编简明英语语言学教程课件.ppt
《新编简明英语语言学教程课件.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《新编简明英语语言学教程课件.ppt(283页珍藏版)》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、A Course on Linguistics for Students of English -Zhou Yongping School of Foreign Studies, JXUFE,The Requirements for this course,Class attendance Classroom discussion Fulfillment of the assignment Examination,Questions for discussion,1. Do you like Chinese? Do you like English? Do you like language?
2、 2. Do you know why there are so many different languages in the world? (Origin of language) 3. Imagine, if you can not speak any language, what would happen to you? If all the people can not speak any language, what would happen to the world? 4. Do you want to learn language? Do you want to study l
3、anguage? What is language?( How would you define language by a sentence?),The Goals for this Course (why study language?),To get a scientific view on language; To understand some basic theories on linguistics; To understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields of lan
4、guage teaching To prepare for the future research work.,Reference Books,戴炜栋,何兆熊,(2002),新编简明英语语言学教程,上海外语教育出版社。 胡壮麟,(2001),语言学教程,北京大学出版社。 刘润清,(1995),西方语言学流派,外语教学与研究出版社。,Chapter 1. Introduction,1. What is language?,Language can mean,what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions) the way of speakin
5、g or writing (e.g. Shakespeares language, Luxuns language) a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose, colloquial language) the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community (e.g. Chinese language, first language) the
6、 common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language) a tool for human communication. (social function) a set of rules. (rule-governed),Sapirs definition (1921),“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily pr
7、oduced symbols.”,Halls definition (1968),Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”,Chomskys definition (1957),“From now on I will consider language to be a set of (finite or infinite) sentences,
8、each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”,Language can be generally defined as,a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,Language is a system,Systematic- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; cant be combined at w
9、ill. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.,Language is arbitrary,Arbitrary- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.,Language is symbolic in nature,Symbolic- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention.
10、“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”-Shakespeare,Language is primarily vocal,Vocal- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form.,Language is human-specific,Human-specific- different from the communication systems other forms of life posse
11、ss, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.,2. The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett),Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission,Arbitrariness,-No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic w
12、ords (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, . Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy,Productivity/creativity,-Peculiar to human languages,users of la
13、nguage can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world. A gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from
14、a fixed repertoire which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction. But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk” ab
15、out themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desires,Duality (double articulation),Lower level-sounds (meaningless) Higher level-meaning (larger units of meaning) A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater n
16、umber of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of se
17、ntences of that language.,Displacement,-Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year There is something special about the bee dance though.
18、 Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning
19、to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries.,Cultural transmission,-Language is culturally transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct). Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibb
20、ons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gibbons and bees. A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. That is, it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learni
21、ng, rather than by instinct. The story of a wolf child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language.,3. Functions of language,Phatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact. Directive: get the hearer to do something. Informative: give info
22、rmation about facts. Interrogative: get information from others. Expressive: express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. Evocative: create certain feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) Performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions.,4. The origin of lan
23、guage,1) The divine-origin theory- Language is a gift of God to mankind.,The Tower of Babel 巴比塔 Noah had three sons-Shen, Ham and japeth, who had many children, and these children had children, for God commanded them to multiply. They all lived together, and the whole earth spoke one language. They
24、lived in one area, and started to build a city with a tower.,“with its top in the heavens.lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the Earth.“ They could reach heaven, they could understand all the secrets of the world. God came down to see what they did and said: “They are one people and have o
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 新编 简明 英语 语言学 教程 课件
链接地址:https://www.31doc.com/p-3266049.html