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1、Unit Four TEXT I The Invisible Poor,III. Library Work 1. Broadly speaking, the middle class is the social group between the upper or the wealthy and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families. The middle class is sometimes divided into lower middle,III. Library W
2、ork,and upper middle classes - a division based on occupational and educational differences. Since World War II, the middle class has been the largest class in the United States, where the middle class participate more in political and voluntary organizations than do the,III. Library Work,subordinat
3、e classes, that is, the lowest paid wage earners and the jobless poor. The middle class in the U.S. also has a higher rate of religious participation than any other class. 2. Dictionary definitions of slum and ghetto: Slum - a thickly populated, squalid part of a city inhabited by the poorest people
4、,III. Library Work,Ghetto - In former times, in most European countries, a section of a city inhabited by Jews. In the U.S. today, a thickly populated slum area in a city inhabited predominantly by a minority group. In many cities in the U.S., particularly in the East and the Middle West, slums deve
5、loped where unemployment led to great suffering and over-crowdedness; moreover, pauperism and crime are widespread.,III. Library Work,In the U.S., ghetto is a term used to describe segregated residential areas in the northern U.S. They are typically overcrowded, and have poor housing and high unempl
6、oyment. They are largely a result of segregation. 3. The general purpose of unions has been to protect and advance the well-being of workers. Some participants in and observers of the U.S. labor movement have viewed unions as institutions with the potential to establish industrial democracy and soci
7、alism. Until the,III. Library Work,1930s, U.S. labor unions suffered severe legal disadvantages. Before 1842 strikes were often prohibited by the courts. In 1932 antistrike injunctions were outlawed. U.S. unions finally gained full legal recognition in 1935. The workers were then given the right to
8、form and join unions and to engage in collective bargaining.,IV. Organization of the Text,I. Thesis statement: invisibility of American poor (Paragraphs 1 2) II. The normal and obvious causes of the invisibility of the poor (Paragraphs 3 7) 1. Poverty is often off the beaten track. (Paragraph 4) 2.
9、Beauty and myths are masks of poverty. (Paragraph 5) 3. Summary and comment (Paragraphs 6 7),IV. Organization of the Text,III. A new kind of blindness about poverty (Paragraphs 8 14) 1. Transformation of the American city isolates the poor from sight of others. (Paragraphs 8 9) 2. Well-meaning ignor
10、ance keeps concerned and sympathetic Americans from knowing the truth about the poor. (Paragraph 10) 3. Mass production enables the best-dressed poverty to exist. (Paragraphs 11 12),IV. Organization of the Text,4. Many of the poor are the wrong age to be seen. (Paragraphs 13 14) IV. Political invisi
11、bility - the dispossessed at the bottom of society cannot speak for themselves. (Paragraphs 15 17) V. Conclusion (Paragraph 18),V. Key Points of the Text,Paragraph 3 perennial: lasting through the whole year; lasting forever or for a long time 持久的, 长久的 E.g.: the perennial snow fields 终年积雪的原野 the per
12、ennial blue jeans 四季都穿的牛仔裤 a perennial invalid 长期病人 the perennial problems of isolation in old age 始终未能解决的老年人孤独问题,Paragraph 4,off the beaten track / path: not well-known; not often visited 去的人不多的,鲜有人涉足的;不出名的; 离开常规;不落俗套 beaten: (of a path, track, etc.) that is given shape by the feet of those who pas
13、s along it (路) 被踏平的, 走出来的, 人们常走的 E.g.: We followed a well-beaten path through the forest. 我们沿着人们常走的小路穿过了森林。,Paragraph 4,E.g.: a vacation spot that is off the beaten track 僻静的度假处 go off the beaten track 打破常规 turnpike (AmE): also pike, turnpike road, a special road for the use of fast-traveling vehicl
14、es, especially such a road which one has to pay to use 高速公路,Paragraph 4,rut: deep narrow marks or tracks left in soft ground by the wheel of a vehicle 车辙 rutted roads: roads with deep, narrow marks made by the wheels of vehicles 有车辙的路;凹凸不平的路 E.g.: be in a rut 墨守成规,也成不变,Paragraph 4,get / fall into a
15、rut 陷入老一套,开始墨守成规 fall into a conversational rut 开始了老调重弹的谈话 get out of ones rut 摆脱陈规旧习 a runaway sweatshop: a out-and-out sweatshop 彻头彻尾的血汗工厂,Paragraph 4,runaway: out of control 摆脱控制的;控制不住的 E.g.: a runaway oil well 喷流不止的油井 runaway inflation(脱缰野马似的)恶性通货膨胀 the runaway cost of grain 飞涨的谷物价格,Paragraph 5,
16、run-down: old and broken; in bad condition 失修的,破败的;衰败的 E.g.: a run-down old house 破败的旧屋 This neighborhood is getting run-down. 附近这一带正在日渐衰落。 be exempt from: be freed from a duty, service, payment, etc. 被豁免;被免除 E.g.: Charitable organizations are exempt from taxation.,Paragraph 5,John is exempt from ph
17、ysical education because of poor health. strain: a state in which one is greatly troubled by anxiety and difficulty 极度紧张;重负;过劳 E.g.: Young people are under great strain during the examination period. Examinations of all kinds put a great strain on young people.,Paragraph 5,tension: (a feeling of) ne
18、rvousness, anxiety, worry, or pressure(精神上的)紧张 E.g.: Before the interview, Janet suffered from a lot of nervous tension. He felt helpless under the tension of waiting for the news.,Paragraph 5,underprivileged: (of people) not having the advantages of ordinary persons life; lacking in good chances fo
19、r education, social life, etc. 贫困的;社会经济地位低下的;生活水平低下的 E.g.: children from underprivileged homes 贫困家庭的孩子 an underprivileged nation 生活水平低下的国家 underprivileged areas of a city 城市的贫民区,Paragraph 6,they will be functioning a generation hence: the normal and obvious causes of the invisibility of American poo
20、r will still hold true in a generation from now function: operate, work E.g.: Is the machine / computer / telephone functioning? hence: from now E.g.: three days / a week / two months hence,Paragraph 6,slip: move secretly or unnoticed E.g.: The wet soap slipped out of my hand. Her secret slipped out
21、 without her knowing. Days slipped by and he accomplished very little. Dont let good opportunities slip through your fingers.,Paragraph 7,foray: literally means “a sudden attack into an enemy area by a small number of soldiers to damage or seize arms, foot, etc.” 突袭;闪电式侵扰 E.g.: The soldiers went on
22、a foray at the command of the officer. make a foray on a town 对一城镇进行突袭,Paragraph 7,Forays extended meaning is “a short attempt to become active in an activity that is quite different from ones usual activity.” What the author means here is that visits to the slums made by the middle class at usual t
23、imes are rare, but at Christmas time, there would be some visits.冒险;涉足 a short unexpected visit 短暂的访问,Paragraph 7,E.g.: the presidents three-day foray into the South 总统对南方3天短暂的访问 From time to time he made forays to the pavement booksellers. 他常常涉足街头书摊 ghetto: a section of a city or town where live mi
24、nority people who are not accepted as social equals by the majority of its citizens 少数民族聚居区,Paragraph 7,Compare synonyms of ghetto: slum: a district in a city or town where living conditions are dirty and unhealthy, and where poor people live 贫民窟 shantytown: a part of a city or town made up of poorl
25、y-built huts, cabins, or houses 棚户区,Paragraph 8,the failures: people who fail in doing what they expect to do; unsuccessful people,Paragraph 9,assume: take something as a fact or as true without proof; suppose E.g.: He was absent at the picnic. I assume that hed forgotten all about it. Assuming that
26、 it rains tomorrow, shall we change our plan?,Paragraph 10,compound: make worse by adding (something) to (often used in the passive) 增加;加重 E.g.: compound a problem 使问题复杂化 compound difficulties (losses) 加重困难(损失) His difficulty was compounded by a sense of insecurity / uncertainty.,Paragraph 10,hovel:
27、 a small dirty place to live in 简陋小屋;茅舍;肮脏杂乱的住所,Paragraph 11,The irony in this : the reverse (state of affairs) / the incongruity of this Irony refers to “the sort of event or result which is just the opposite of what one would hope for or meant to happen” 具有讽刺意义的事,Paragraph 12,discern: to see, noti
28、ce, or understand, especially with difficulty; perceive 看出,识别,觉察 This process has been magnified with the poor throughout the country: This process of having the poor disappear from sight has been developing rapidly allover the country.,Paragraph 14,lurid: sensational, shocking 可怕的;惊人的; 骇人听闻的;过分渲染得
29、E.g.: lurid accounts of the carnage 骇人听闻的大屠杀报道 He painted a lurid picture of prison life. 他把监狱生活描写得十分可怕。 lurid crimes (stories) 耸人听闻的罪行(故事),Paragraph 15,the dispossessed: people who have lost all their possessions. Here, the dispossessed are people who do not possess anything. fraternal: of, belongi
30、ng to, or like brothers 兄弟(般)的,友爱的 E.g.: fraternal affection 兄弟情谊 a fraternal atmosphere 友好气氛,Paragraph 16,there is not even a cynical political motive for caring abut the poor, as in the old days: In the old days, there might be some concern for the poor shown by some people to achieve their own pu
31、rposes. Their motive of doing so would be cynical, or doubtful. But today, there is not even that kind of concern.,Paragraph 17,reservoir: a large supply, especially one that has not yet been used 贮藏,蓄积,大量供应 E.g.: an oil reservoir 油槽 History is a reservoir of human experience. 历史是人类经历的总汇。 have a gre
32、at reservoir of knowledge 有广博的知识 menace: something which suggests a threat or brings danger 威胁,Paragraph 17,articulate the needs of the poor: express clearly and effectively the needs of the poor articulate: express thoughts and feelings clearly E.g.: He was so despondent(沮丧的,泄气的)that he could hardl
33、y articulate his distress. Articulate is often used in language learning, meaning “pronounce distinctly, clearly, and carefully.” E.g.: Josephine articulates every word carefully. She has good articulation.,Paragraph 18,in the old rhetoric of reform: reform in the old days that was stated in a langu
34、age that was fine to hear or read but that really did not mean much 以往粉饰太平的改革 Rhetoric in its general sense means “the art of speaking or writing in a way that is likely to persuade or influence people.” But in this context, rhetoric is used in its derogatory sense, meaning “speech or writing that s
35、ounds fine and important, but is really insincere or without meaning.”,VI. SA to Organization and Development, P. 50, Students Book,Para. 5: The word “too” indicates furtherance. In this case, it tells the reader what the paragraph deals with is similar to what has been dealt with. The fact is, in t
36、his paragraph, we find another perennial reason why poverty is invisible in America. Para. 6: The pronoun “these” can point both backward and forward. In this case it points backward, i.e. “these” refer to the perennial reasons that have been explained in the previous two paragraphs.,VI. SA to Organ
37、ization and Development, P. 50, Students Book,Para. 8: “Now” indicates a change of direction. The writer is going to turn from the “perennial” to the “present”. Para. 9: “In short” is used to summarize. What follows is a brief summary of what has just been said, i.e. the effect urban development has
38、 on the invisibility of the poor.,VI. SA to Organization and Development, P. 50, Students Book,Para. 10: “This new segregation” refers to the segregation of the poor from the affluent mentioned in the previous two paragraphs. The segregation is “new” because there has been the “old” notorious segreg
39、ation of the colored people from the white,VI. SA to Organization and Development, P. 50, Students Book,Para. 11: The word “this” in “The irony in this” refers to the last sentence of the last paragraph. i.e. “There is a warm feeling of satisfaction, of pride in the way things are working out: the p
40、oor, it is obvious, are being taken care of”. Can they be taken care of when they are even invisible?,VI. SA to Organization and Development, P. 50, Students Book,Para. 12: “This” in “This is an extremely important factor ” refers to the last sentence of the last paragraph, i.e. “Even people with te
41、rribly depressed incomes can look prosperous.” Para. 13: The word “then” here has nothing to do with its basic meaning, i.e. a specific point of time either in the past or in the future. Here it is used in the sense of “besides”, showing that there is another reason why the poor are invisible.,VI. S
42、A to Organization and Development, P. 50, Students Book,Para. 15: “And finally” here is, as usual, used to show that we have come to the last point in our exposition. Here the writer is going to tell us that the poor are not only materially and emotionally invisible, but they are also politically in
43、visible, i.e. their voice is not heard.,VII. SA to Ex. I, P. 36, Workbook,1. To enforce his assertion that the other America did exist though most Americans might not believe it just because they had never been there personally. What Harrington is trying to say is “I myself was once ignorant of its
44、existence, but now I can prove to you that it does exist.”,VII. SA to Ex. I, P. 36, Workbook,2. Refer to Paragraphs 4 and 5. Rural poverty is hidden away from tourists who normally travel on highways without penetrating into the country, and sometimes is masked by its natural beauty. 3. Refer to Par
45、agraphs 8 10. Urban transformation leads to the distributional segregation of poverty, and urban renewal creates the false impression about the existence of the poor.,VII. SA to Ex. I, P. 36, Workbook,4. Refer to Paragraphs 11 14. Mass production of garments enables even the poor to be decently dres
46、sed. Most poor people are aged; they are less mobile and thus less visible. 5. Politically, the poor are not adequately represented; and their voice is not heard and attended to in the political life of the nation. 6. (Omitted),VIII. SA to Ex. II, P. 37, Workbook,1. Beauty refers to the beautiful en
47、vironment. Specifically it refers to the hills, the streams, the foliage in the lovely season in the area of the Appalachians Mountains. Myths refer to Rousseaus concept of the “primitive man,” a person who was admired for his supposedly simple and pure life, and who was exempt from the strains and
48、tension of the middle class. Specially they refer to the run-down mountain houses, supposedly the abode(住所) of the fortunate people.,VIII. SA to Ex. II, P. 37, Workbook,When the traveler comes to the Appalachians, he will see the beauty of nature, and the run-down houses remind him of the “primitive
49、 man.” He does not know that the people living in the area are actually undereducated, underprivileged; in other words, they are poor. So outward beauty of nature and false beliefs in the “primitive man” are misleading - they simply cover up the truth - the existence of poverty.,VIII. SA to Ex. II, P. 37, Workbook,2. The segregation of the poor from the affluent is new because the poor still live in the miserable housing in the central area of a city while the affluent middle class have moved out to the suburbs, so there is little chance for
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