英语专业毕业论文-跨文化交际的语用失误研究.doc
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1、跨文化交际的语用失误研究A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Intercultural Communication摘 要本论文尝试从一些基本的语用学理论入手对比分析不同文化差异引起的语用失误现象,以便从更科学和系统的角度了解不同文化、不同社会、不同群体的人们是如何以不同的标准来进行他们各自的言语行为。本文重点从言语交际失误方面展开对语用失误的研究,主要包括语用语言失误和社交语用失误两种。并且通过对这两种语用失误的分析,作者提出了一些针对语言教学的启示。关键词: 跨文化交际;文化差异;语用语言失误;社交语用失误;语言教学启示AbstractThis thesis at
2、tempts to analyze pragmatic failure according to some basic pragmatic theories, in order to understand people more scientifically and systematically who come from different culture, society and community how to operate interaction based on different standards. The thesis will emphasize on verbal com
3、munication which concludes pragmalinguistic failure and socio-pragmatic failure. And through analyzing on the two kinds of pragmatic failures, the author puts forward some enlightenment for language teaching.Key words: Intercultural Communication; Cultural Differences; Pragmalinguistic Failure; Soci
4、o-pragmatic Failure; Enlightenment for Language Teaching 14Chapter One IntroductionIntercultural communication activities go with the history of mankind, but as a subject it only emerged several decades ago and a great many researches from different perspectives have been conducted on it by scholars
5、 at home and abroad. The thesis attempts to make analysis on the pragmatic failures in the intercultural communication from the view point of sociolinguistics and pragmatics.Chapter two explains several important issues. The first is to give the definition and characteristics of culture and communic
6、ation, which lead to the conclusion that culture, communication and language are inseparable. The second is an overview of intercultural communication. The study of intercultural communication is a multi-discipline, and it compasses every aspect of communication.Chapter three discusses two types of
7、pragmatic failure in verbal-communication, namely: pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic failure. In terms of pragmalinguistic failure, failures in lexicon and grammar are illustrated; in terms of sociopragmatic failure, failures in what to say and how to say.Chapter four gives some enlightenm
8、ent to improve language teaching approaches and concepts. In recent years, researchers have made great efforts to improve foreign language teaching, and it is thought that the pragmatic competence of foreign language learners has been improved a lot. However, pragmatic failure still haunts the langu
9、age learners and teachers because it is closely concerned with culture, communication and language, which are indispensable in academic and social life.Chapter Two A Brief Survey of Some Specified Issues in Intercultural Communication2.1 The Definitions of Classroom Questioning2.1.1 CultureCulture i
10、s such a vast and large concept that it is hard and difficult to give an exact definition that is accepted by all people. It is said that there have been at least over 150 definitions about culture, but none of them can cover all the aspects of culture. The following definitions are some of the well
11、-known ones.Edward T. Hall gave a detailed description as “Culture is mans medium; there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people express themselves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, how problems are
12、solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and function.”(Hall, 1959, p.97)Bates and Plog proposed a descriptive definition “Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, c
13、ustoms, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. This definition includes not only patterns of behavior but also patterns of thought, artifacts, and the culturall
14、y transmitted skills and techniques used to make the artifacts.” (Bates & Plog, 1990, p.152)From the above definitions, we have seen culture is ubiquitous multidimensional, complex, and all-pervasive. In many ways, Hall is correct: culture is everything and everywhere (Samovar & Porter, 2000, p.34).
15、 For the purpose research on pragmatic failure in intercultural communication, the author would like to understand culture as a particular way to satisfy humans basic needs. According to a psychologist Abraham Maslow, human being shares five basic needs: the physiological needs, the safety needs, th
16、e belongingness needs, the esteem needs and the self-actualization needs. The five basic needs of human being are shaped and affected unconsciously by culture and gradually we take it for granted and treat them as cultural-rooted habits. Take food as an example, people from one culture might think t
17、he food eaten by another cultural group is not delicious and even disgusting. Just like Chinese think it good for health to eat dog meat, while the thought of eating dog disgusts western people because dogs are treated as peoples best friends in their culture. But no matter how different culture has
18、 its ways of doing things in daily life, it cannot be simply judged by the right-or-wrong question. It is interpreted as different people do the same things in different manners.2.1.2 CommunicationThe word “communicate” originate from the Latin word “commonis” that means “common”. So the premise of
19、communication is that the participants should share the common knowledge. As is the case with culture, communication is complex and multidimensional. When people decode the signal and obtain the message, it is important for them to interpret messages in terms of cultural orientation. And Samovar def
20、ines communication as “it happens whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or to the residue of behavior” (Samovar, 1981, p.75). His definition tells us communication can go on through our conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional behavior. People are communicating everywhere all the
21、time in various manners for different purposes.In order to clarify how communication actually operates, there are several characteristics of communication need to be fully understood. First, communication is changing all the time. During the process of communication, participants are unconsciously a
22、ffected by the input of new messages. So, there will be changed in some way, which means everyone will be a dynamic individual in his whole life. Second, communication is irreversible. Once messages are received and decoded it is impossible to eliminate the result and the senders only choice is to m
23、odify or implement the former messages. Therefore, once pragmatic failures occur in the process of communication it is not an easy job to erase some negative results and influences completely. Therefore, the study of pragmatic failure will be helpful to minimize misunderstanding in international com
24、munication.2.2 Intercultural Communication2.2.1 Definition of Intercultural CommunicationIt is an undeniable fact that we live in a global village nowadays. Intercultural communication occurs every day with the rapid economic and cultural development of society. It involves the interaction of cultur
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