意译法对难译的辞格尽可能加工.ppt
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1、2 意译法 对难译的辞格:尽可能加工,拟声; 对偶; 断取; 脚韵 析数; 同字; 双关; 顶真 统括; 列锦; 拈连; 精警 借代; 倒装; 摹形; 反复,拟声 (Onomatopoeia) 1) 卜卜卜机关枪的声音跟着又来。(茅盾:子夜)The staccato chatter of a machine-gun was heard again. 2) 敲了两下门,心上还突突直跳。(梁斌:红旗谱)He knocked twice at the gate,his heart thudding violently.,3) A hammering clatter of hoofs beating
2、the hard road.“得、得、得”,坚硬的路面上响着接连不断的马蹄声。 4) White jagged lightning,followed by the brazen clash and deep rumble of thunder. 天空中闪过一道成V形的白色闪电,紧接着传来一声霹雳,然后是深沉的隆隆雷声。,把人、动物或自然物所发出的声音如实地加以描摹,这种修辞方法称为拟声,汉英皆有,但是有着较大的区别。在汉语里,一般都采用直接摹写声音的拟声词,如上面例1中的“卜卜卜”和例2中的“突突”。在英语里,一些动词和名词本身就具备了拟声的特点,融音与义为一体,引起音与音之间的联想,如上面例
3、3中的 clatter 及例4中的 clash 和 rumble。因此,在翻译时,我们不得不考虑这些差异,适当地进行加工,如例1中的 “卜卜卜”不是译成 “pu-pu-pu”,而是用 clatter;例2中的 “突突”不是译成 “tu-tu”,而是用 thudding;例3中的 chatter 译成汉语的拟声词 “得、得、得”;例4中的 clash 译成 “霹雳”,rumble 译成 “ 隆隆”。,对偶(Antithesis) 1)樱花红陌上, 柳叶绿池边。(周恩来诗选春日偶成) The pathways red with cherry blossoms; The lakeside green
4、 with willow leaves. 2) Beauty,strength,youth,are flowers but fading seen; Duty,faith,love,are roots,and ever green. (from a sonnet by George Peele) 美貌、体力、年轻,就像花朵,终将衰尽; 义务、信念、爱情,就像树根,万古长青。,1) 一孤舟,二客商,三四五六水手,扯起七八页风篷, 下九江,还有十里 十里运,九里香,八七六五号轮,虽走四三年旧道, 只二日,胜似一年 ( 内含镶字格) 2) 人曾是僧,人弗能成佛 女卑为婢,女又可称奴 (内含析字格),
5、断取 1) 三国时代,曹操带领大军下江南,攻打东吴。那时,周瑜是个 “ 青年团员”,当东吴的统帅,程普等老将不服,后来说服了,还是由他当,结果打了胜仗。(毛泽东:青年团的工作要照顾青年的特点) At the time of the Three Kingdoms,Cao Cao led his huge army to the Yangtse River to attack the Kingdom of Wu in eastern China. Zhou Yu,who was then a “Youth League member”in age,was appointed commanding
6、general of the Wu army. Cheng Pu and other battle-seasoned generals protested but were later persuaded into accepting his command,and in the end the battle was won. 2) 你刚才所说做大生意做得有些讨厌,这还是第一百零一回听到的话。Just now you said its a tiring job to do a big sale. It is the first time Ive heard this.,使用一个词语时,只取这个
7、词语中的一字或一词或一部分的意义,通过连接上下文来表达意思,这个词语的其它部分,只起搭配作用,毫不表义,可以不管它,这样的修辞手法,叫做断取。英语里无此辞格。,脚韵 (Rhyme) 1) 饭来张口,衣来伸手 have only to open ones mouth to be fed and hold out ones hands to be dressed - lead an easy life 2) 秦时明月汉时关, 万里长征人未还。(王昌龄:从军行之三) The age-old moon still shines oer the ancient Great Wall, But our f
8、rontier guardsmen have not come back at all.,3) When the cats away,the mice will play. 猫儿不在,鼠儿作怪。 4) health and wealth 健康与财富 fair and square 正大光明的 high flyer 野心勃勃的人;好高骛远的人 low blow 不正大光明的行为;打腰部以下的一击,析数 1) 阿舒已二八, 懒惰故无匹。(陶渊明:责子) A-Shu is twice eight, For laziness he has no equal. 2) 三五中秋夕 清游拟上元。(曹雪芹:红
9、楼梦,第七十六回) Mid-autumns fifteenth night is here again. As on the Feast of Lanterns we stroll round.,3) Now,of my threescore years and ten, Twenty will not come again. (A. E. Housman) 在我的七十寿数内, 有二十已一去不回。 4) Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation. (Abraham
10、 Lincoln)八十七年前,我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。,同字 1) 潘月亭:顾八奶奶是天下最多情的女人。 顾八奶奶(很自负地):所以我顶悲剧,顶痛苦,顶热烈,顶没有法子办。(曹禺:日出第二幕) PAN:Mrs Gu,youre the most sentimental woman in the world! GU (gratified):Thats the reason why Im most tragic,most distressed,most passionate,most helpless. 2) 顾八奶奶(望着月亭走出,回过头,又滔滔地):白露,我真佩服你!我真不知
11、道怎么夸你好。你真是个杰作! 又香艳,又美丽,又浪漫,又肉感。(曹禺:日出第二幕) GU (She watches Pan jauntily depart,then looks round again and launches into another torrent of words):I do admire you,Bailu! I really dont know how to do justice to you. Youre a chef doeuvre! Charming,beautiful,romantic,voluptuous.,双关;Pun 1) 杨柳青青江水平, 闻郎江上唱歌
12、声; 东边日出西边雨, 道是无晴却有晴。(刘禹锡:竹枝词) Between the willows green the river flows along, My beloved in a boat is heard singing a song. The west is veiled in rain, the east basks in sunshine, My beloved is as deep in love as the day is fine.,2) 春蚕到死丝方尽, 蜡炬成灰泪始干。(李商隐:无题) The silkworm till its death spins silk f
13、rom love-sick heart; The candle only when burnt has no tears to shed.,3)二战刚结束,一艘来访的美国战舰耀武扬威地驶进一英国港口,舰上的旗语为 “Second to None”(老子天下第一),吹嘘着美国的战绩。一艘破烂不堪的英国小炮艇默默地停到美国战舰旁,打出旗语 “None”。 这一英国式的幽默极大羞辱了傲慢的美国人。对这一幽默中的双关旗语有人译为:“无人比我好。” “无人”。,4)美国作家海明威的小说名 A Farewell to Arms 中的 “arms”一语双关,第一层意思为 “武器”,代表帝国主义战争,第二层意
14、思为 “手臂”,代表拥抱与爱情,该词点出了他这部作品的双重主题。此书有两个汉译本,一本把书名译为永别了,武器,另一本处理成战地春梦,在体现书名里的双关语这一点上,后一种译法更为恰切:“战”与 “春”分别译出原文 arms 的两层意思。,5)空对着,山中高士晶莹雪; 终不忘,世外仙姝寂寞林。(曹雪芹:红楼梦,第五回) Vainly facing the hermit in sparkling snow-clad hills I forget not the fairy in lone woods beyond the world.(杨),6) 民国万税 天下太贫 这是解放前有人讽刺国民党反动统治
15、的一副对联,其中 “税”与 “岁”谐音,“贫”与 “平”谐音,这样的谐音双关的确很难翻译。,7) When a woman complained to her butcher that his sausages tasted like meat at one end,but like bread at the other,he replied:“Madam,in times like these no butcher can make both ends meat.” 这个原文里的最后一个 meat 是个谐音双关,表面意思为:“ 把香肠的两头都填上肉”,而实际上应是英语成语 “make bot
16、h ends meet”,意为:“使收支相抵”、“靠微薄收入为生”。,8) The professor rapped on his desk and shouted:“Gentlemen,order!” The entire class yelled:“Beer!” 这个幽默在于 order 的一词二义,第一个意思是 “安静”,也是教授先生的原意,该词的第二个意思是 “点菜”,也是全班学生故意的曲解,因此他们大声齐喊 “啤酒”,令人啼笑皆非。这个双关语只能通过注释来处理。,顶真;Anadiplosis 1) 有个农村叫张家庄,张家庄有个张木匠。张木匠有个好老婆,外号叫“小飞娥”。小飞娥生了个女
17、儿叫艾艾。(赵树理:登记)There was a village called Zhangjia Village,where lived Carpenter Zhang,who had a good wife,nicknamed Little Moth,who gave birth to a girl called Aiai.,2)他一见面是寒暄,寒暄之后说我 “胖了”,说我 “胖了”之后即大骂其新党。(鲁迅:祝福)Having exchanged some polite remarks upon meeting he observed that I was fatter,and having
18、 observed that I was fatter launched into a violent attack on the reformists.,3) Still he sought for fame . fame,that last infirmity of noble mind. 可是他仍旧追逐名气追逐名气,这是个高尚人永远摆脱不了的弱点。 4) He gave his life;life was all he could give. 他奉献了自己的生命;生命是他能奉献的一切。,统括 1) 我妈妈是个古板人,讲究的是三从四德。(周立波:山乡巨变)My mother is rigi
19、dly conservative. Shes very particular about the Three Obediences and the Four Virtues. 统括就是把几个类似的词语中相同的字提取出来,并加上相应的数字,以达到简洁明了的语言表达效果。,全会建议全国人民代表大会修改宪法第四十五条,取消其中关于 “ 四大”即大鸣、大放、大字报、大辩论的规定。(邓小平文选第二卷)The session has also decided to propose to the National Peoples Congress the deletion of the provision
20、in Article 45 of the Constitution concerning the si da,that is,speaking out freely,airing ones views fully,writing big-character posters and holding great debates.(外文出版社的译本根据 “四大”的音译,又加了脚注Si da:This is a shorthand way of referring to the provision in Article 45 of the Constitution of 1978 concerning
21、 “speaking out freely,airing ones views fully,writing big-character posters and holding great debates”. Since in Chinese each of these expressions contains the character da or “big”,they have come to be known as the si da,or “four bigs”.),三个代表 三大注意 八象纪律,列锦 1) 蓝的天,绿的地,长长的小路,她走来了! (张枚同等:麦苗返青的时候) The b
22、lue sky,the green land,and the long path. Here she was coming along. 2) Honour,anger,valour,fire; A love that life could never tire, Death quench or evil stir, The mighty master Gave to her. (R. L. Stevenson) 坚贞、义愤、英勇、热烈, 她的那种情爱,生活难以煎枯, 邪恶无从诱惑,死亡不能扑灭 这是全能的主 授予她的禀赋。,马致远天净沙: 枯藤老树昏鸦, 小桥流水人家, 古渡西风瘦马。 夕阳
23、西下, 断肠人在天涯。 王国维称赞:“寥寥数语,深得唐人绝句妙境。”,以名词或用以名词为中心的定名结构组成,里面没有动词或形容词谓语,却能叙事述怀,写景抒情,这样的修辞句式叫做列锦,汉英两种言语都有此修辞方法,但英语里无此修辞名称。,拈连;Zeugma 1) 哼! 你别看我耳朵聋可我的心并不 “聋”啊! (郭澄清:大刀记)Humph! My ears are deaf,but my mind is not. 2) 小火车在欢腾地急驰。人们的心和火车一样,向家乡急奔。(曲波:林海雪原)The little train and the hearts of all its passengers,to
24、gether,sped merrily homeward.,3) The blood stained her honour and her new brocade. 血迹玷污了她的新装,也玷污了她的名誉。(英语中的zeugma,常常把虚的放在前面,如本句中的honour和下面句中的heart,把实的放在后面,如本句中的brocade和下面句中的necklace,而汉语译文必须按逻辑关系来安排前后。) 4) She lost her heart and necklace at a ball. 在一次舞会上,她丢了魂,也丢了项链。(不宜译作“倾心爱上了一个人,但却丢失了她的项链”。),在说甲乙两事
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