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1、,有关科研选题与写作 余湄 对外经贸大学金融学院,主要内容 如何选题 如何写好立项报告 写规范的学术论文,1。如何选题,找热点:关心国内外大事 FT中文网是英国金融时报集团旗下唯一的中文商业财经网站,旨在为中国商业菁英和决策者们提供每日不可或缺的商业财经新闻、深度分析以及评论。http:/ Bloomberg成立于1982年的美国彭博资讯公司是目前全球最大的财经资讯公司。彭博仅用了22年的时间,就将它的金融数据市场的销售收入超越了具有150年历史的、世界上最大的资讯公司路透集团。 http:/ 找导师:多交流,听讲座,例子,国际化资产配置的风险管理问题研究(2009年自然科学基金) 通货膨胀下
2、的资产价格泡沫问题研究(2011对外经贸大学创新课题) 2011年社科立项 2011年毕业生选题,注意事项,1。忌题目太大,不可能是本科的立项 2。忌题目太空。 3。要紧扣当代社会经济主要问题,2。立项报告的写作,问题背景与研究意义 研究思路与方法 难点与创新 可行性 立项报告举例,歌德早就说过: 在任何一个方向上, 我们能够提出的任何一个问题, 前人都早已提出来过。 要大量阅读前人的文献,没有前人成果做基础的夸夸其谈,只能显示其“无知”。必须对国际发展趋势有全面的了解,知道哪些问题已经解决,哪些问题尚未解决,困难在哪里,困难是什么。,问题背景与研究意义:阅读与使用文献,研究思路与方法:用好数
3、学,为什么要使用数学模型? 瑞典皇家学会的发言人,对经济科学的解释是两条:第一是用数学来描写经济问题;第二是统计的量化处理。 高等数学、概率统计、计量经济学已经足够解决目前大多数的、人类所能认识到的社会、经济、行为方面的研究课题。,要做创新性的工作。 “新”:新问题、新方法和新结果(结论)。 三者至少必具其一。 最低要求是不能重复已有的结果。 问题小一点没关系,总比“照抄”好。 只要你确确实实解决了一个新问题,哪怕再小,学术界也要接受它,而重复别人的研究是不会留下痕迹的。,创新性,3. 写规范的学术论文,科技论文就是要“八股文”!科技论文不能写成散文! 标题摘要引言正文 结论致谢文献附录 唐诗
4、宋词很规范,谁写得好,一目了然!就容易评出谁是高手。科技论文不是散文,它有固定的格式,是为了便于验证和交流。 How prepare well Introduction? How formulate the model ? How design the experimental settings, including data collection and handling ? How analyze the computational results, including Tables and Figures ? Finally, concluding the paper Appendix
5、References,如何写规范的学术论文,标题:概括全文要旨 要吸引人,抓眼球 不宜过长、过短:合适的长度 中文1015个字;英文1218个词; 切忌抽象空泛、要一语中的; 切忌罗嗦冗长; 尽量不用缩略语; 不用、少用专业特殊符号,如何写规范的学术论文,摘要:概述方法、结果 不要在这里大段叙述工作的意义; 不要写得太短; 要突出工作进展和贡献; 尽量不要引用文献; 尽量避免引述公式、方程。,Equilibrium properties of the morning peak-period commuting in a many-to-one mass transit system,Abstr
6、act This paper analyzes the equilibrium properties of the morning peak-period commuting pattern on a many-to-one transit system with in-vehicle crowding effect and schedule delay cost in a monocentric city. Commuters are assumed to choose their optimal time-of-use decision from various stations/home
7、 locations to a single destination/workplace by trading off the travel time and crowding cost against the schedule delay cost. An equivalent mathematical programming model is proposed to characterize the equilibrium state, in which no commuter can reduce his/her total commuting cost by unilaterally
8、changing his/her departure time or train service. Solution of the model yields many insights including the following: 1) commuters living closer to the destination choose trains also chosen by those living farther from the destination; 2) the train arriving at the time desired by everyone is utilize
9、d by commuters from all stations; 3) the farther a station is from the workplace, the longer is the peak-period departure duration from that station; 4) finally, a saturated time period exists for each station during which the departure rate of commuters is identical and maximal.,如何写规范的学术论文,引言:继往开来的
10、陈述 工作的缘起和意义、前人的思路和成果、本人的发展(包括方法和主要成果)。篇幅约占全文的1/5 切忌忽略前人的进展; 切忌忽略本人工作的继承性和创造性; 对本论文的研究目的和意义、研究方法和所得结果得创新之处等要逐一说明; 切忌重复摘要中的叙述; 切忌过于简短。 从前言看出作者的涉足深度和学术观点,文献综述,按时间顺序从过去到现在 按国外到国内顺序 按研究方法分类,1. Introduction The growing traffic congestion in large cities worldwide has led to economic inefficiency, social d
11、isruption, excessive energy consumption and increased levels of pollution. It is generally recognized that the mitigation of these problems requires efficient provision and utilization of public transportation systems. This has become an important issue of long standing interest to economists and tr
12、ansportation scientists. In the end of 1960s, scholars started to derive the optimal interstation spacings of a rapid transit system which transported the population of an area to one central point, aiming at minimizing the total travel time (Vuchic and Newell, 1968) or maximizing the number of pass
13、engers (Vuchic, 1969). . . The latest studies concerning the transit system modeling, analyses and management can be found in a review paper by De Cea and Fernandez (2000) and a book by Vuchic (2005).,Only very limited attention has been paid to the problem of commuters departure time choice for urb
14、an mass transit services. Sumi et al. (1990) presented a stochastic model for optimizing the commuters departure time and route choices in a mass transit system. They assumed that departure time is mainly dependent on the systems operational features and the travelers appointed time of arrival at th
15、e destination. Alfa and Chen (1995) examined a public transportation system with multiple origins and destinations and proposed an algorithm for calculating the peak-hour departure time of commuters, where commuters ride on the first coming bus in a random order. Recently, Kraus and Yoshida (2002) a
16、nd Kraus (2003) provided economic analyses about the commuters time-of-use decision, the optimal pricing and the service in an urban mass transit system. In their analyses, apart from the fare component, The above studies considered the capacity constraints of transit systems and assumed that if the
17、 number of commuters waiting at a transit stop exceeds the number of vacant seats on the forthcoming transit run, then some commuters will have to wait for the next run. However, this assumption is not always valid in some metro systems. ,There exists a common feature in such large cities as Beijing
18、, Hong Kong, London, New York, Moscow and others, that during peak period, some commuters continue to board the trains although they have to stand in seriously crowded vehicles. In Beijing, for transporting more commuters the authority even deliberately cuts down the number of seats for each transit
19、 vehicle. The number of seats provided in each train of the Beijing No. 13 railway line is 96 only, but the maximal number of passengers allowed to board is 944 (the physical capacity). . We also observed that commuters are not willing to wait at platforms for a period that is longer than two schedu
20、led headways, but change their arrival times at platforms when the in-vehicle crowding is extremely serious. It is thus interesting to develop a modeling approach that can consider the standing-up phenomena and the in-vehicle crowding effect. Huang et al. (2004) introduced a crowding cost function f
21、or modeling urban mass transit services, i.e., In this paper, we investigate the equilibrium properties of the peak-period commuting in a mass transit system with multiple origins and a single destination. Note that the model proposed in this paper is formulated from the commuters point of view, i.e
22、., based on minimizing their own travel costs. Another modeling approach that keeps to the stand of transit operators point of view can be found in Vuchic (2005). The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the problem setting and formulates an equivalent mathematical programming model.
23、In Section 3, we .,如何写规范的学术论文,正文:成果的全面铺叙 实验、观测的设施、过程;建模的假定、表述;研究方法;演绎过程;结果分析。 切忌忽略工作的前提条件; 切忌过于细腻、拖沓; 切忌混淆本人和前人的工作; 切忌单纯公式或图表陈述,忽视分析、深化,要从中抽出结论性的东西; 指出前人工作不足时要尽量客气。,如何写规范的学术论文,结论: 综述本文成果并展望未来工作 切忌简单地重复摘要和引言中的语言; 切忌武断、草率、目空一切; 展望中保护自己的知识产权。 致谢:感谢帮助过你的主要人员。,6. Conclusions We have developed an equilibr
24、ium model of peak-period commuting for a mass transit line with multiple origins and a single destination in a monocentric city. From the equilibrium solutions, we clearly show the following general properties of the equilibrium departure time . We have extended the model to the case with seats in v
25、ehicles . The equilibrium analysis of peak-period commuting can be further extended along several lines. It is meaningful to incorporate elastic demand, variable train service frequency and fare pricing and so on for generality.,Acknowledgements The research described in this paper was substantially
26、 supported by an award (70429001) for National Outstanding Young Scientists, grants (50578006, 70521001) from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and a project (2006CB705503) from the National Basic Research Program of China. The authors would like to thank anonymous referees for their
27、 helpful comments and valuable suggestions which improved the content and composition substantially.,如何写规范的学术论文,参考文献 引用足够数目的文献(一般论文:1020篇),且必须在文章中提及; 注意文献的代表性、经典性、新颖性。 附录:重要的、须陈述的演绎过程(包括公式推演、重要程序等)。,电学之父法拉第 (Michael Faraday,1791-1867): The secret is comprised in three words Work, finish, publish. His well-known advice to the young William Crookes, who had asked him the secret of his success as a scientific investigator, as quoted in Michael Faraday (1874) by John Hall Gladstone, p. 123,发表论文的重要性,
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