英国国家概况之英国经济.ppt
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1、Unit 6: The UK Economy,Friday, August 9, 2019,2,a cotton textile factory after Industrial Revolution,I. Early History (-1900),agriculture export wool 14thC, dominant foreign trade 17thC, a leader in textile 1588 defeated Spanish Armada 1700-1944 British Empire 1750-1850 Industrial Revolution worksho
2、p of the world(P70),A Watt Steam Engine,Friday, August 9, 2019,3,Friday, August 9, 2019,4,Friday, August 9, 2019,5,II. During the Two World Wars,Britains share of world trade fell from 1/4 in 1880, 1/6 in 1913, and 1/8 in 1948. An Unfavorable Position 1. debt 2. end of the empire 3. Large military s
3、pending 4. A catchingup by Germany and Japan 5. Lack of a relationship between industry and banks,Friday, August 9, 2019,6,1900-1920 the Relative Decline of UK Economy,Background:,After the Second Industrial Revolution, the United States and Germany presented an increasing challenge to Britains role
4、 as leader of the global economy and had developed large-scale industries by 1900. Britains comparative economic advantage had lessened. but British colonies and foreign investment location from the profit far more than the United States and Germany. Its economic strength is still the most strong, L
5、ondon is still the world financial center, pounds is still the worlds most strong hard currency, the British fleet to Britain still bring huge profits, the British bankers can still offer to foreign government and business the most amount of credit. Even so, the absolute advantage after all lost. 但英
6、国从殖民地和国外投资场所攫取的利润远远超过了美国和德国,它的经济实力仍是最雄厚的,伦敦仍是世界金融中心,英镑仍是世界上最坚挺的硬通货,英国船队仍然给英国带来巨大的利润,英国银行家仍然能向外国政府和企业界提供最大数额的信贷。,Friday, August 9, 2019,7,Wars caused the European weak and the rise of Japan, the world pattern changed. 大战造成了欧洲的衰弱和美日的兴起,世界格局发生改变。 The war saw an expansion of economic production, but als
7、o forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from the US 战争,看到了经济生产的扩张,但也迫使英国使用其财政储备和从美国借巨款.英国从债权国变成债务国,The United States became the center of the world economy. The war weakened Britain, France, Italy; and the united States became the worlds top economic power, the world
8、financial center transfered from London to New York .,2019年8月9日,8,This is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is more wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly. Absolute Decline and Relative Decline 绝对衰退和相对衰退。英国经济一直在不断发展中,
9、但因其他国家发展速度较之英国更快,所以英国的世界经济地位才相对衰退。,2019年8月9日,9,二战时期英国的“货币战争”,二战期间,英国打了一场极为隐秘的战争:反抗大面积涌入的,足以使经济崩溃的假钞。纳粹德国为了破坏英国经济,制造了价值上亿的假钞。截止1945年,三分之一强的英镑是假钞。 1942年9月24日,英格兰银行收到了一捆来自英国西非银行的面值为10英镑的假钞。终身首席出纳员肯尼斯第一次发现假钞的出现居然可以横跨欧洲、非洲、中东、美洲和亚洲。银行认为,这是“有史以来最危险的假钞事件”。 当时英国政府并不知道,这是一个由希特勒本人主导的阴谋:纳粹德国制造了这些纸币,旨在削弱同盟国的经济实
10、力。 战争武器:假钞 将假钞作为一种战争武器并不新鲜。拿破仑曾经批准印制假冒的奥地利和俄国纸币;美国内战时,南北双方为了打击敌方财政系统,也曾广泛使用假账单。 事实上,二战期间英国也建立了自己的造假队伍“A”技术小队,但他们的工作被限制在伪造护照、文件、邮票和伪装用品的制造上,从来没有进行过大规模的假钞运作。 1939年9月,丘吉尔考虑过造假的提议,但未能计划周详怎样将其付诸行动。1940年4月11日,英国特情组织的负责人拜会了首相张伯伦,询问内阁在敌人领土上散播伪造的德国马克的可能性和可取性。张伯伦总结道,英镑和德国马克的实力悬殊,“如果德国报复,我们明显会比他们的损失大”。,Friday,
11、 August 9, 2019,10,III. During 1945-1979,In 1945 the Labor party: Reforms nationalization of industries high taxes a welfare state It laid the foundation for postwar British social and economic development. 1945 - 60s slow - 70s recession British disease : soaring inflation workers strike for more p
12、ay slow growth of productivity,Friday, August 9, 2019,11,III. During 1945-1979,Friday, August 9, 2019,12,IV. During 1979-1997,Conservative Party (P73) Thatchers reform: privatization low taxes reduced social welfare Thatchers economic policy achieved remarkable success. Negative aspects: high unempl
13、oyment widened gap between the poor and the rich high crime rates unsatisfactory social services,“In politics if you want anything said, ask a man. If you want anything done, ask a woman.” Margaret Thatcher,Margaret Thatcher 1979-1990,John Major (1990-97),13,2019年8月9日,Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Barone
14、ss Thatcher (born 13 October 1925) was Prime Minister of United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to have held either post.,14,2019年8月9日,Thatcherism: is the name given to the laissez-faire policy of Margaret Thatcher (1925-), Brit
15、ish prime minister from 1979 to 1990. Thatchers policies were: reductions in tax; manipulation of the money supply to reduce inflation; privatization of public industry; reduction of trade union power; reduction of governments role in the economy; encouragement of people to save, work and buy proper
16、ty.,Friday, August 9, 2019,15,V. During 1997 - 2010,In 1997 the Labor party: the “Third Way” bank of England independent minimum wage and supplement of low incomes individual responsibility Britains economic growth surpassed. world economic crisis,Friday, August 9, 2019,16,Growth and Decline,VI. Bri
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