英汉翻译技巧.ppt
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1、第9课 翻译技巧-转换(2),五、 正面表达与反面表达转换 由于思维方式的不同,英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面来表达;而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。因此,英译汉时常常有必要进行转换。这就是通常所说的“正说反译、反说正译“法。英语正面表达这里指的是不带否定词no, not , never否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后缀-less等的句子,汉语正面表达则是指不带“不“、“没“、“非“、“未“、 “否“、 “无“、 “莫“、“勿“、“别“等否定词语的句子;反之则是反面表达。,(一)英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达 frost-fr
2、ee refrigerator无霜冰箱 Freeze! 别动! Wet paint! 油漆未干! mortally ill 不治之症,(1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.,(2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.,这项建议差点通不过。,我们相信,年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。 (3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York,
3、then San Francisco. Silence. Silence. Silence.,他到一个户外公用电话亭,先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。 没有回音。没有回音。没有回音。,(4) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.,作为居住的地方,这里有许多不足之处,但作为
4、改革性的新飞机秘密训练基地,却是非常理想的。因为它地处边陲,人们不易发觉其中的活动。,(5) The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.,6) As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.,然而,萦绕心头的画面,那些一经嗅到玫瑰花香或
5、新鲜干草的气息便会倏地闯入记忆的情景,其实并不复杂。,他一面喝咖啡,一面翻开油墨未干的晨报,看了起来。,(7) Fathers attitude toward anybody who wasnt his kind used to puzzle me.,(8) Sadly, Edward died before he could see the new church, but his beautiful tomb is still there, with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.,以前我总不懂
6、父亲为什么对那些脾气跟他不一样的人采取那么个态度。,遗憾的是,爱德华未能看见新教堂就去世了,但是他那幽雅的坟墓和嗣后的英国国王和王后的坟墓还都留在那里。,(二)英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达,(1) You cant be too careful. 你要特别小心。 (2) The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us. 这些事件引起了我们的重视。 (3) Such flights couldnt long escape notice. 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。,六、 主动式与被动式转换,英语中被动语态用得较多,而汉语中被动语态则用得
7、相对较少,因此英译汉时被动语态常常可转换为主动语态,当然有时也可以保留其被动语态。而英语中的主动语态,有时汉译也可根据汉语的表达习惯转换为被动语态。,(一) 被动转换为主动 英语被动句式转换为汉语主动句式时,原文中的主语在译文中有时仍可作主语,有时也可作宾语,有时全句还可译成带表语的主动句。例如: In a moment he will turn and see us, and his face will be lighted by a smile so radiant youll feel warm all the way through过一会儿他会转过身来看着我们,那时他脸上会泛出灿烂的微
8、笑,让你全身都感到温暖。,(3) With the development of speech, the number of occasions producing sudden experiences of pleasure increased, and since laughter was closely associated with speech, man had this means of expressing his pleasure.,随着说话的发展 ,产生突然感受愉快的机会增多了,并且,由于笑与说话密切相关,人类就有了这种表达愉快的手段。,当然有时英语被动语态翻译成汉语时仍可用
9、被动句式,例如: (1) When we were first captured, my own reaction was mainly one of fear and suspicion. 我们刚被俘时,我的感觉是又害怕又怀疑。 (2) The visitor was flattered and impressed.客人受宠若惊,深为感动。,(二) 主动转换为被动 有时, 英语中主动句在汉译时可用汉语中的被动句来表达,但这一现象似不多见。例如: (1) His acceptance into the Party is a quite natural thing. 他被吸收到党内是完全应该的。
10、 (2) Appalled by what he had done, Bob rushed to the parapet and flung himself on the rocks below, where the sea claimed him immediately.鲍勃对他所做的一切感到震惊,他冲到护墙处,纵身跳到下面的岩石上,立即被大海所吞没。,七、分句转换 分句转换是指一种英语分句翻译成汉语时转换成另一种分句,例如: (1) They felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people, for they k
11、new that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroes who committed crimes against other Negroes.,他们觉得抢劫他们的同种人要安全得多,因为他们知道,如果黑人侵犯的是黑人,白人警察便从来不认真搜捕。(定语从句-条件状语从句),(2) Her great grief in this relation was that her only child, on whose education no expense had been and would be spared, w
12、as now old enough to perceive these deficiencies in his mother. 这一方面给她造成了极大的苦闷,也就是有关她的独生子的问题。虽然过去和今后在儿子的教育费用上既不曾也不会省掉什么钱,然而如今他的年纪已经不小,能注意他母亲的这些缺点了。(定语从句-让步状语从句),翻译技巧-归化,由于文化上的差异,英译汉时有时直译原文就会使译入语读者感到费解,甚至误解。这时,就有必要借用汉语中意义相同或相近、且具有自己鲜明文化色彩的表达法对原文加以归化。归化翻译法常用于处理某些英语成语、典故、形象词语等一类文化色彩较浓的表达方式。恰倒好处地归化可以使译文
13、地道简洁、生动活泼,便于译入语读者理解和接受。例如: as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 (在西方文化中,兔子是胆小的象征,而在我国,兔子却象征着机警敏捷。人们常说:“静若处子,动若脱兔。“鼠在我国才是胆小的象征,所以翻译时直接加以归化。),at a stones throw wet like a drown rat as stupid as a goose as stubborn as a mule seek a hare in a hens nest as dumb as an oyster,一箭之遥 湿如落汤鸡 蠢得像猪 犟得像牛 缘木求鱼 守口如瓶,lead a dogs
14、life cry up wine and sell vinegar put back the clock talk horse kill the goose that lays the golden eggs drink like a fish,过着牛马一样的生活 挂羊头,卖狗肉 开倒车 吹牛 杀鸡取卵 牛饮,1) Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson.,嫁鸡随鸡,嫁狗随狗。,(2)One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.,一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬
15、水吃, 三个和尚没水吃。,(3) I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as through it had been beaten with wires.,我软得像一团棉花,脊背疼痛得好像被钢丝抽打过一样。 (原文中limp as a dish rag,如直译为“像洗碟布一样柔软“,既不地道,又让人产生一种较恶心的感觉,不如用汉语中常说的“软得像一团棉花“加以归化。),(4) Everybody said how well the new Secretary was doing, but old Mr. Carr said shortly, “Yes.
16、New brooms sweep clean.“,人人都说新任秘书干得好,但卡尔老先生却简慢地说:“新官上任三把火。“ (原文new brooms sweep clean的字面意思是“新扫把扫得干净“,比喻“新任职的人干得好“,和汉语中的“新官上任三把火“异曲同工,貌离神合。),(5) Among the blind the one-eyed man is King.,山中无老虎,猴子称霸王。,(6) Last night I heard him driving his pig to market.,昨夜我听到他鼾声如雷。,(7) Who would have thought of Mr.Mo
17、ttram doing so well? And so many of his friends, too, that used to stay here? We were entertaining angels unawares.,谁知道摩特兰先生干得那么出色?还有他那许多朋友,原来都住在这儿的,谁知道呀?我们真是有眼无珠。,(8) It was, as Bill afterwards expressed it, “during a moment of temporary mental apparition“, but we didnt find that out till later.,恰如
18、后来比尔说的那样,那阵子简直是“一时鬼迷心窍“。不过,我们直到后来才明白了这个意思。 (apparition在原文中是鬼魂或幽灵出现的意思。mental apparition直译是“心中有鬼“,这就很容易给人造成误解,因此需要多少将原形象适当地转换一下。),(9) They will be ice-skating in hell the day, when I vote the aid for them.,要我投票赞成给他们援助,除非太阳从西边出来。 (ice-skating in hell如译成“在地狱里滑冰“就很难为中国读者所理解和接受。),(10). “Until her husband
19、 won the pools, she was the most commonplace, dowdy, illiterate creature imaginable, but now that she dresses herself up like a society queen and nearly always remembers to sound her aitches, people are already beginning to forget what she was like before. “Fine feathers make fine birds.“,“过去没有比她更平平
20、常常、无知无识而又邋邋遢遢的了,自从她男人赢得全部赌注以后,她打扮得象个社交皇后,总是记住发H的音,人们开始忘记她以前是什么样子了。“ “人靠衣裳马靠鞍嘛。“,(11) Id much rather see her once or twice and not do anything about it-what could I do about it anyway? Shes a bit out of my class, dont you think? If I did try to do anything, Id only get sent off with a flea in my ear.
21、,我宁愿见她一两面就算了我还能干什么呢?你没看到她和我不怎么相称吗?我要干点什么,也只会碰一鼻子灰。 (原文a flea in ones ear的字面意思是“耳朵上有个跳蚤“,用来比喻“讥讽的话,刺耳的话“。send sb. off with a flea in ones ear意思是“用讥讽的话气走某人“,与汉语“碰一鼻子灰“意思相近,但如译为“用讥讽话气走某人“,则过于平淡,远不如“碰一鼻子灰“生动、俏皮。),(12) He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him “magpie“.,他如此唠叨,同伴们给他起了个 “麻雀
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