英语网考BP.ppt
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1、英语网考(B),词汇与结构 解题指导,词汇与结构考核要点,这类考题涉及的考点非常宽泛,归纳而言可包括以下一些方面: 涉及词汇的考点: 名词与代词的性、数、格及其与动词的关系; 形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级以及比较句型的应用; 动词短语、介词短语及形容词短语(含各种固定搭配)的运用; 近义词、反义词、形近词的选用; 关联词在不同句子成分和句型结构中的使用; 各种性质词汇之间的搭配或修饰关系; 词根及其派生词的关系和运用;,涉及结构的考点,动词各种时态的运用; 谓语动词和主语的配合; 谓语动词和非谓语动词之间的配合; 主句和从句中动词时态的呼应; 动词与主语名词或代词不同结构形式的呼应; 关
2、联词在各种复合句中的使用; 主动态和被动态句型的运用; 虚拟语气的运用; 动词的不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词的运用; 陈述句、否定句、疑问句(一般、特殊、反问、选择)的运用; 某些成语、习语、俚语等固定表达短语或句型的使用; 与其它语言习惯不同点、易混淆或易误解之处的辨析。,词汇与结构题型的解题思路 一、首先观察考题的考核目的(考点) 看完题干内容后,观察一下四个备选答案的共性,如都是同一词性的单词时,就基本可以判断出与考核词义相关,可能是选择同义词或反义词;如都是动词词组结构,就是考核固定搭配的词义;如果是各种时态形式的谓语动词结构,就和时态、语态或语气考点相关。 二、其次观察题干空缺
3、处前后的单词,分析备选答案是否与其有搭配关系,这样就比较容易选出正确答案。 三、经过上述分析后,要先行排除明显错误或无关的答案,缩小分析思考范围。 四、把剩余的备选答案,依据词法、句法、语法的顺序进行深入分析,最后找出正确答案。 五、有些短语可以根据平时形成的语感立刻选出答案,但要相信自己的第一感觉,不要在最后验题时把正确的答案再改成错的。,英语词汇与结构常考知识点简介,一. 名词及名词性成分常见考点 1. 英语中具有名词性质的成分有:,名词,专有名词,普通名词,名词性成分,个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,可数名词,不可数名词,名词性物主代词及基数词,动名词,the 形容词、序数词,t
4、he 动词过去分词,合成名词及复合名词,名词性从句(主、宾、表),人称代词宾格及反身代词,2、合成名词(也称复合名词)的复数形式 (1)有主体名词时,主体名词变复数 father-in-law - fathers-in-law; grandmother grandmothers; stander-by standers-by; (2)无主体名词时,合成名词中最后一个词变复数 grown-up grown-ups; go-between go-betweens; the 18-year-old the 18-year-olds good-for-nothing good-for-nothings
5、(废物) (3)man和woman构成的合成名词, 一起变为复数 man-driver men-drivers; woman-teacher women-teachers; 特例:man-staff men-staff; man-crew men-crew,(4)名词+名词时,在最后的名词上变复数 bookshelf bookshelves; chairman chairmen; chairwoman chairwomen; railway railways; (5)名词+动词, 在动词上加复数 horse-riding horse-ridings; rainfall rainfalls; h
6、andwriting handwritings; (6)形容词+名词,在名词上变复数 blackboard blackboards; blueprint blueprints; chipped-potato chipped-potatoes;,3、不可数名词的复数形式,英语中的不可数名词本身不能用复数形式表达,它的复数形式要体现在与其搭配的量词结构上。 有些名词常用单数形式,既可以是可数的,也可以是不可数的,其复数形式都要用量词表示(如将其本身变成复数,则表示不同种类的集合),常见的有: fish, sheep, news, information, staff, crew, furnitur
7、e, people, food, sand, paper, 等等。 例: a news a few pieces of news; an information a few pieces of information; a staff a crowd of staff; a piece of furniture a few pieces of furniture; a people a group of people.,4、个别复数形式结尾但用作单数的名词 trousers(裤子), scissors(剪刀), glasses(眼镜) 这几个词的复数形式也要用量词表达: a pair of t
8、rousers (一条裤子); three pairs of trousers(三条裤子); a pair of scissors (一把剪刀); several pairs of scissors(几把剪刀); a pair of glasses (一副眼镜); five pairs of glasses (五副眼镜)。 可以看出,这些成对成双的物品,量词基本上都是用pair。如:a pair of shoes.,5、几个常见的名词所有格特殊考点 (1)几个名词并列时所有格的运用及区别 强调各自所有: These are Johns and Marys letters. 强调共同所有: Th
9、ese are John and Marys letters. (2)表达数量限度的所有格 two hours drive; a years period; three decades development; (3)双重所有格(考点之一) A relative of my mothers (妈妈的一个亲戚); A book of Mr. Smiths(史密斯先生的一本书); A room of theirs (他们的一个房间); Three cars of ours(我们的三台车).,二、冠词常见考点,1、不定冠词 (1)表示“某一” A Walt wants to see you at t
10、he gate. 大门那有个瓦尔特先生要见你。 After the first person, a second came with flowers and a third with gifts. 第一个人之后,第二个人拿着花进来,第三个人拿着礼物。 (2)用在such强调结构里(考点之一) 误: She is a such pretty girl that ; 误: She is such pretty a girl that; 误: She is such a more pretty girl that; 误: She is pretty such a girl that; 正: She
11、is such a pretty girl that . (3)有无不定冠词的词义区别 little (few) 几乎没有; a little (few) 有一点(有几个),2、定冠词的几个常见考点 (1)定冠词与形容词连用,表示一类人或物(形转名) We must pay more attention to the poor, the disabled and those lacking of ways to survive. (2)在双重比较结构中的使用:越, 越 The more you exercise, the stronger you will be. 注:考点不一定在冠词本身,而
12、是放在对这种结构中形容词的使用上,如多音节形容词用more构成比较级。此外,每个比较结构中必须是句子而不是其他成分。 (3)和代词的关系 一个名词如已被所有格代词修饰,就不能再用定冠词: 误: The my book 正:The book of mine / my book 同样,不定冠词也不能和所有格代词并列修饰名词: 误: A his fathers pen 正:A pen of his fathers,(4)名词只要有后置定语成分,一般前边都须有定冠词(某些首次提及的情况可以用不定冠词,但决不能没有冠词) The bottle bought by him (过去分词短语作后置定语) Th
13、e hole in the wall (介词短语作后置定语) The dictionary that her mother borrowed for her. (定语从句) A singing bird is in that tree. The bird I mentioned is a one from that park. (5)在一些固定结构中意义的不同 in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院(工作) in front of 在前面 in the front of 在的前部 out of question 不成问题 out of the question 根
14、本不可能 in future 以后 in the future 将来 at table 就餐 at the table 在桌子旁 in fashion 流行 in the fashion 勉强、马马虎虎 by train (car, plane) 坐火车 by the train 坐那趟火车,(6)必须有不定冠词的习惯用语 have a headache ( a stomachache ) (7)必须有定冠词的习惯用语 in the morning (afternoon, evening); in the past; in the way of; by the way; in the stre
15、et (city) (8)不加冠词(零冠词)的习惯用法 to catch cold; at noon (night, dawn, midnight); in town; at school; by bus (plain, train); on foot; in class (9)定冠词和可数名词单数连用,代表一类人或物 playing the piano (指钢琴一类的乐器) the rose is the symbol of love. (指玫瑰一类的花),三、代词常见考点 关系代词: 代词的主要考点在关系代词上,即不同的主句和从句之间选用哪个关系代词,是考试主要考核点。尤其是非限定性定语从
16、句,往往是和关系代词相关的出题点。 如: that, what, which, who, whom, whose等的选用。 有时在被选答案中会混进指示代词,如 this, these, that, those, it等,要求考生根据复合句的语法要求找出正确的关系代词(考点之一)。 人称代词: 1、考点会涉及用 it 在句子中作形式主语或形式宾语的处理: 如:It is hard for us to remember so many new words. He told it to us that the teacher was coming. 2、多个人称代词并列时对谓语动词的影响: 如: S
17、he, he and I are all students. Neither he or I am going there.,不定代词: 普通不定代词:some, any, one, no; somebody, anybody, nobody; someone, anyone, none; something, anything, nothing. 个体不定代词: all, each, other (s), another, either, neither, both, everybody, everyone , everything. 数量不定代词:many, much, few, a fe
18、w, little, a little a lot of, lots of, a great deal, a great many, many a. 主要考点在于不定代词在句子中和其他成分的搭配或呼应: 例: 1、和动词的关系(单数性质) Someone is waiting for you at the school gate. (陈述句,单数性质),Is there anyone in the room? (疑问句,单数性质) There is nobody in the room. (否定句,单数性质) There are somebody playing basketball on t
19、he ground. (陈述句,复数性质) There is not any (no) water in the bottle. (否定句,不可数用单数) I forgot to take my wallet. Have you got any? (用于问句) No, I havent got any, either. (用在否定句中) Oh, I have got some. I can lend it to you. (用在肯定句中,表示不可数时用单数) None of them know (s) the news. (单复数均可) All of us are eager to know
20、it. (复数性质) Each of us is eager to know it. (单数性质) None of us is eager to know it. (单数性质) Both of us are eager to know it. (复数性质) Neither of us is eager to know it. (单数性质),2、other, the other, another, others 的选用(考点之一): 这几个不定代词经常会出现在考试中。 other: 一般作为形容词使用,表示“其他的、别的”; 例:This one is not workable. I must
21、find other ways. the other: 具有名词性质,表示“两者中的另一个”; 例: I have two house. One is in Shenzhen, the other in Beijing. another: 具有名词和形容词性质,表示“任意的另一个”; 例:This road is blocked. We should find another. This story is too old. Tell me another new one. others: 名词复数性质,表示“其他的人(事、物)、别人”; 例: This is a confidential th
22、ing. Please never tell others. This room is for you, and that one is for others.,3、表示数量的不定代词的使用 强调的数量程度感: The most 绝大多数 100% most 大多数 75% many 许多 50% some 一些 25% a little (few) 一点(几个) 5% little (few) 几乎没有 0 例: Do you know any people here? 你认识这里任何一个人吗? Do you know many people here? 你认识这里很多人吗?,四、数词和量词
23、常见考点 这部分的考点通常涉及量词的使用,包括将基数词作为量词使用时的规则。 例: a (one) hundred of (确指:正好一百个) hundreds of (泛指:成百的、上百的、好几百的) hundreds of thousands of (泛指:成千上万的) a (one) million of (确指:正好一百万个) three hundreds of (确指,复数,加S) 序数词使用中易混淆处: A third person has come onto the stage. (有第三个人走上台,序数词表顺序) A third of persons have come ont
24、o the stage. (有三分之一的人走上台,序数词表分数),量词结构中有形容词时的使用规则 英文的量词结构通常是: a + 量词 + of + 名词,如果要使用形容词来修饰结构中的名词,形容词的位置需放在不定冠词后,量词前(考点之一)。 例: 误: I sent him a bunch of beautiful flowers. 正: I sent him a beautiful bunch of flowers. 误:He bought a bottle of hot and thick milk. 正:He bought a hot and thick bottle of milk.
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