英语翻译的步骤TheProceduresforTranslation.ppt
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1、翻译是在正确理解原文的基础上,用译入语文字创造性地再现原文思想内容的语言过程。 也就是说第一步是理解,第二步是表达。从表面上看,翻译似乎就此两个程序,可实际上并不那么简单。一个句子,一段文字,一篇文章往往要从英文到中文,中文到英文仔细推敲、反复研究,使译文与原文意思尽量吻合。译完之后再通读几遍,看看这句话、这段文字、这篇短文是否有不妥当不通顺的地方,再琢磨加工、润色修饰、才能点睛出神。,第二章 翻译的过程 Processes of Translation,翻译犹如一种好的商品,加上一个动听悦耳的名字,无疑会锦上添花,魅力无穷。比如像我们常见的一种饮料“coca-cola”,如译成 “可可饮料”
2、 就显得贫乏无味,译成 “可口可乐” 顿觉熠熠生辉、可口诱人。由此可见,优美的译文必须经过下列翻译过程 。,理解 分析 全面了解,表达 转换 重现原文,审校 润色 点睛出神,翻译的过程,2. 1 正确理解 (Comprehensive Reading),理解就是透彻地了解、懂得、掌握原文所表达的内容和实质,包括词义、句义、段义、语义。没有对原文的全面理解,翻译就无从下手;理解不深不透,译文就不忠不顺。理解必须通览待译文的全文,熟悉全文风貌,掌握内容大意,摸清所涉及的具体人物、事件、背景,搞懂语言现象,辨明逻辑关系。,理解,篇章 段落 词句,词义的选择 固定搭配、成语、短语、惯用词组 歧义 矛盾
3、修辞 逻辑关系 夸张 重复 平行结构,准确理解是确切表达的前提,理解的诸多方面如图所示。,正确理解语言现象, 不仅要了解句子的字面意义,还要了解句子的内涵意义。必须上下有联系地、全面地理解原文的词汇含义、语法关系和逻辑修辞。不能孤立地看待一句一词,因为同一个词或一个词组,在不同的上下文和不同的语法结构中,往往有不同的含义。有时不同词义的词却被认为是同义词,而同一词在不同的上下文中又产生了不同的含义。,翻译的理解过程,理解语言现象 理解逻辑关系 理解原文所涉及的客观事物 理解” 言意不一”现象,一理解语言现象,理解语言现象: 语言现象主要指词汇意义,句子结构和惯用法等.,.,翻译的第一步-理解,
4、理解是表达的前提,没有准确透彻的理解,就不可能有准确的表达. Comprehension is the prerequisite of representation and representation is the result of comprehension.,The question before the house is one of awful moments to our country. 摆在全体代表面前的是关系到我国危急存亡的重大问题。 The boys have their respective future dreams. 那几个少年对未来各有梦想。 The nursin
5、g of the sick ,said Nightingale, is a vocation as well as a profession. 南丁格尔说:看护患者不仅是一种职业,更是天职。,1. The old man informed us that his wife had had 13 children, one in every month of the year, and one over besides. 2. Nurses are the pick of the doctors. 3. Lorna died of difficult labour. 4. I could not
6、 recollect his name to save my life. 5. Those books have long been out of print. You cant get them for love or money.,英语特有的句法结构,尤其那些固定搭配和无理可讲的习惯用法,使理解之难雪上加霜 1.In 1945 he returned to his Paris museum and teaching posts. 2. You smell wine. 3. He is no more a writer than a painter. 4.He is not more a w
7、riter than a painter. 5. He is the last person for such a job. 6. He is the man of all men for such a job. 7.The engine did not stop because the fuel was finished.,汉语的词汇更加五彩纷呈,例如:遇事和大家商量 “matter”, “affair”, “thing” , “deed”, “business” “problems” Consult the masses when problems arise. 从他的话音里,我能听出点东
8、西来 I could tell something from the tone of his voice.,我们将和厂家联系一下,听听 他 们的意见. We will get in touch with our producers and see what they have to say. 4.他姓什么,我一时说不上来. I cant recall at the moment what his name is. 5.还是把事情说开了好. Itd be a good idea to get the bottom of the matter.,二. 理解逻辑关系,翻译是逻辑活动,翻译作品是逻辑活
9、动的产物.理解原文是一个极其复杂的过程,译者是用他的全部知识和智能来理解一个句子的. 理解一个句子必须经过语义辨认,语法分析和逻辑分析三个方面的交互作用.,1.Celias a great home girl. Youd never know she s the same girl now as the girl I married seven years ago. 2. I am a classless person. 3. No one can be kept out of the Olympics because of religion, color, or political idea
10、s. 4. The composer began his musical career as a violinist. 5. This book is of great use; dont throw it away. This is your last chance; dont throw it away.,翻译时逻辑关系对理解也会产生影响只有分析清楚了逻辑关系,才不至于出现理解上的失误 汉译英时,同样要求译者理解逻辑关系如“上课了?”这句话的含义,如果脱离了当时的环境和背景,就不好翻译,因为这一问话在不同的情景下会有不同的理解,如果这句话是甲在乙夹着书本刚从教室里走出来时对乙说的,应译成:
11、(Have you)just finished your class? 如乙以前没有教过课,最近刚教课,这句问话则应译为:How s your first class? 如甲乙相遇时,甲正好向教室走来,担心误了上课,则应译成:Has the bell gone? 或Am I late for class?,三理解原文所涉及的客观事物,理解客观事物,就广义而言,可以说包罗万象要做到正确理解原文,仅有言内知识是远远不够的,还须有相当的言外知识,其中要受非文化因素和文化因素的双重制约,给译者带来新的困难和考验,例如:,Mercury在下列几个句子中是什么意思,如果不了解Mercury的由来,就不了解
12、其含义,也就很难翻译 1.Swift as Mercury ,he has been named “the king of pickpockets.” 2.She played the role of Mercury between the two lovers. 3. You cant make Mercury of every log.,文化差异给原语和译语带来一些貌合神离的假朋友,She is a cat. Every dog has his day. Have ones tail up 不是翘尾巴而是兴致勃勃 Pull sbs leg 不是拖后腿而是愚弄某人 令人发指在英语中真正对应的
13、习语是make ones blood boil,而不是make ones hair stand on end(毛骨悚然),文化差异给英语和汉语带来许多阴差阳错的现象,中国的“红茶”,英语里却是“black tea”; “红塘”译成“brown sugar” “黑啤酒”译成“dark beer” 青布译成“black cloth” 40% off at sixes and sevens seventh heaven right and left After you. Tasks for the period ahead.,四理解“言意不一”现象,英汉语都有“言意不一”的现象“言”指话语的表层意思
14、, “意”系说话者的真实含义.两者之间会有差距,甚至很大差距.译者如不加理解便照搬原文,就会违背作者愿意. 例如: 1. Gorky suffered from his translators into English. 2. He killed the bottle. 3. While waiting for the train he killed time by going for a walk.,4. Her bright red hat killed the quiet colour of her dress. 5.That killed him around here. 6. He
15、is killing me. 7. The troops of the two countries are kept at arms length. 8.If I want you Ill ask for you.,理解之后表达,How to give an exact representation after you have acquired accurate comprehension: 表达是理解的继续和升华,表达的好坏与理解的深度,译文语言的熟练程度,翻译技巧的掌握程度有关,2. 2. 1 关键词的表达,表达就是准确地运用各种翻译技巧,以规范的汉语体现原文的内容,从而使所译的东西在内
16、容和形式上成为有机的统一体。表达是理解的继续和升华,表达的好坏取决于对原文的理解的深度及对英语语言掌握的程度。若不能用确切的汉语表达出来,译文则显得别扭生硬,晦涩难懂, 表达也就失去了意义。,翻译方法直译意译也好,“异化” “归化”也罢,各有优点所长,各有美中不足。表达时不管采用直译还是意译、归化还是异化,都要注意以下几方面的问题。,2. 2. 1 关键词的表达,关键词是指在句子中起举足轻重作用的词,误译会导致整个句子甚至整个段落或整篇文章的意思弄错。意思错,翻译当然也就错。因此,一定要认真阅读,细心研磨,做到落笔知轻重,表达讲分寸,译文传神韵。 例1:He is a jovial giant
17、, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women. (Brian Crozier: De Gaulle) 【译文】他生性乐观, 身材魁梧,贪食贪杯又贪色。 【解析】“huge appetite for.”是“胃口很大”,“特别喜欢”的意思,尤其是和“women”搭配一起,就很顺当地译成了“贪”,“贪”和“food, drink”也能搭配一起。接连用了三个“贪”,所以,增译“生性”二字也很符合情理。,例2:I wanted to be a man, and a man I am. 【译文】我立志想做个真正的人;我现在终于成了一个真正的人。 【解析】
18、“a man”表示“一个人”的意思,但在这一句里这样译似乎不清楚,“我立志做一个人;我现在终于成了一个人”是不是在表示说“我仍然是一个单身男人”?这里还有一个问题“a man”是不是只指男人,不包括女人?其实很清楚,“我”既包括男人也包括女人,“我”“你”“他(她)”都是人,都要做“一个真正的人”。,例3:She was dancing gracefully in the room. 【译文】她正在房间里跳舞,动作非常优雅。 【解析】“gracefully”是个副词,表示“优美地,雅致地”意思,但在这一句里若是译成“她正优美雅致地在房间里跳舞”,语言不那么自然。为此,干脆把它分译成一个分句“动
19、作非常优雅”,表达显得自然。,这里所说的短语指的是固定搭配、约定俗成,教学中要随时提醒学生注意理解其意义、特点和规律;同时还要根据其语言环境、上下文的意思来理解。理解要透彻,表达要贴切,译文要符合实际。,2. 2. 2 短语表达,例1:He has paid the debt of nature. 【译文】他已经死了。 【解析】若译成“他理所当然地偿还了债务”就不对了, 因为“pay the debt of nature”的意思是“死”。,例2:The explorers worked their way up the mountain. 【译文】勘探人员十分艰难地慢慢地爬上高山。 【解析】如
20、果译成“勘探人员一面工作,一面登上高山。”就不对了。动词短语“to work ones way”的意思是“to move slowly and with difficulty”。 例3:Dance music began to play, Sarah was the only woman present, and she had her work cut out. (W.S.Churchill: The Second War) 【译文】舞曲响起来了,萨拉是在场的唯一女性,她可真给忙坏了。 【解析】动词短语“have ones work cut out”的意思是“工作十分繁忙”,此处指“跳舞”。
21、,例4:My hand moved by mistake and I spilled my drink on my leg. 【译文】我失手把饮料撒到了腿上。 【解析】动词短语“by mistake” 的意思是“过失、出错”。 例5:So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life. (Helen Keller: Three Days to See) 【译文】我们就这样终日忙碌于鸡毛蒜皮的琐碎小事,几乎没有意识到我们对待生命的态度是消极冷漠的。 【解析】动词短语“go about”
22、 的意思是“从事,干活”。,1A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25. His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infections is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrients.,课堂互动3 :翻译句子,2After singing, she sits on audiences hands. 3Every time he comes to New York, he want
23、s to paint the town red.,课堂互动3 :翻译句子,4The game was rained off. 5In the moment of fire,telephone the message to 119.,课堂互动3 :翻译句子,2. 2. 3 句子的表达,例1:His learning I admire, but his character I despise. 【译文】他的学识我佩服,但他的人格我鄙视。 【解析】保持原文的强调形式和表达风格,译文仍把宾语放于句首。,英语句子译成汉语不可能是字对字、词对词、句对句,而要考虑字词、短语、主句、从句之间的语法关系、逻辑关
24、系,采用层次翻译法,对原文进行意义分析、切块拆分,按照汉语习惯做文字增删、结构调整,根据逻辑关系重组语言,英语句子只有词或短语,译成中文有可能变为句子,而英语的主从句译成汉语有可能变成简单句。,例2:The thought of returning filled me with fear. 【译文】一想到还要返回,我心里就害怕。 【解析】英语用无生命的物体或抽象概念作主语,即无灵主语,而汉语则用有生命的人或物体作主语,即有灵主语,这是英汉句子的差异。因为英语较注重客体思维,而汉语则较注重主体思维。若要表示某个事件时,英语较注重“什么事发生在某人身上,而汉语则较注重“某人怎么样了”。因此,英译汉
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