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1、English Dictionary,Major contents,Development of English dictionary Types of English dictionary Contents of English dictionary,What is a dictionary,The word “dictionary” for English-speaking people is a book which presents in alphabetic order the words of the English language, with information as to
2、 its spelling, pronunciation, meaning and its etymology (James Root Hulbert),Development of English dictionaries,The origins of the English dictionary The first English dictionaries Modern English dictionaries,The origins of the English dictionary,According to James Root Hulbert, English dictionary-
3、making began in Anglo-Saxon times. The first dictionaries in England were printed in Latin.,The first English dictionaries,In the 17th century, with printing well established, the first real English dictionaries of importance appeared. They defined English words in terms of other English words, and
4、in this respect resembled todays dictionary. They were different in other respects. For one thing, they defined only what the english called “hard words”. First English dictionaries published: Robert Caswdreys Table Alphabetical of Hard Words (1604) John Bollokars An English Expositor (1616) Henry C
5、ockerams The English Dictionary (1623),Modern English dictionary,Baileys Dictionary An universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Emphasis on the origins of words Contained 40,000 words Model for many to come later Problems in definitions, e.g.: Cow: a beast well-known Dog: a quadruped, well-k
6、nown,Modern English dictionary,Samuel Johnson He lived in the 18th C., an age of dictionaries and the encyclopedic and lexicographical tendencies of the time received their fullest expression in the Dictionary of Samuel Johnson. Samuel Johnson (often referred to as Dr. Johnson) (18 September 1709 O.
7、S. 7 September 13 December 1784) was an English author. Beginning as a Grub Street journalist, he made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, novelist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson was a devout Anglican and political conservative,
8、 and has been described as “arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history”. He is also the subject of “the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature”: James Boswells Life of Samuel Johnson.,赛缪尔.约翰逊(Samuel Johnson),英国作家,批评家 (1709-1748). 英国文学史上重要的诗人,散文家
9、,传记家和健谈家, 编纂的 对英语发展做出了重大贡献.和琼森一样,他也是当时文坛上的一代盟主,他对文学小说诗歌文学作品的评论,即使只言片语也被众口宣传,当作屑金碎玉.约翰逊1765年出版了经他校订的, 这个版本在后世为学者诟病,因为约翰逊有时出于己意, 对原文进行删改.他对莎评的主要贡献,在于他为莎剧所作的批注和他为这个版本所作的序言.在约翰逊时代,文化氛围已经在向浪漫主义方向发展, 人们已不再视”三一律”为神圣.与德莱登,伏尔泰相比,约翰逊是更为宽容的新古典主义者. 塞缪尔.约翰逊是18世纪最重要的英国作家之一,在英国人心目中有着难以取代的地位,英国人常常将18世纪的前50年称为”斯威夫特和
10、蒲柏的时代” (the age of Swift and Pope), 同时将后50年称作”约翰逊的时代”.约翰逊一生著述甚丰,最有影响的却是完成与1755年的两卷本(The Dictionary of the English Language). 在长达150年的时间里,这本词典一直是最权威的英语词典,直到20世纪初才被取而代之.,Modern English dictionary,People identified his dictionary as a matter of national pride and defense, and a symbol of British indivi
11、dualism and strength. In 1755, 8 years after he had signed the contract with his booksellers, Johnsons dictionary was published. 2,300 pages long-two and a half times as long as Baileys. Two-volume: about 40,000 entries, with a complete previously unmatched. His techniques for defining a word, and h
12、is inclusions of quotations form authorities, impress his personal stamp on the development of English lexicography. Johnsons dictionary: First of its kind in any way be considered as a standard. (all its predecessors being mere lists of words in comparison). The meanings of words, for the first tim
13、e, fully illustrated by well-selected authorities. The definitions are full, clear, and above all praise for their happy illustration of the meaning of words.,Noah Webster (October 16, 1758-May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook author, spelling reformer, word enthusiast, and editor.
14、He has been called the “Father of American Scholarship and Education”. His “Blue-Backed Speller” books were used to teach spelling and reading to five generations of American children. In the U.S., his name has become synonymous with dictionaries, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary tha
15、t was first published in 1828 as An American Dictionary of the English Language. An American Dictionary of the English Language: 70,000 entries One-man dictionary Differences between American and British usage and meaning were pointed out. Illustrative quotations of Americans. Definitions are more a
16、ccurate A moral guide as well as a reference book American spelling No dictionary in the 19th century enjoyed equal prestige to that of Noah Websters Dictionary of the English Language.,The Oxford English Dictionary (OED): Published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), is a comprehensive dictionary
17、 of the English language. (1879) 414,000 definitions, illustrated by almost two million quotations. OED, OALD, features can be seen from Professor Lu Gusuns preface: 准确至上,繁略适中,追求直观,言必有据,摄要纳新,Types of English Dictionaries,1. 综合词典 (general purpose dictionary) 综合英语词典范围很广,即使成为”综合词典”, 每本词典也都是以一定范围的读者为目标的
18、.一般收五万词条左右的是袖珍词典,七八万词条的是简明词典.十五万词条左右的是中型词典,二十万词条以上的是大型词典. 英美现在最为通用的是中型词典(英语叫做desk dictionary 或college dictionary,也可译作 “案头词典”). 美国出版的The Century Dictionary (), Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary (), Websters New Dictionary(), The Random House Dictionary ()等;英国出版的 Universal Dictionary of the Englis
19、h Language(), The Concise Oxford Dictionary () , Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary ()等. 较大型的 Websters Third New International Dictionary ( 第三版), The American Heritage Dictionary ()等,也可属此例.,2. 学术性词典 (scholarly dictionary) . 学术性词典以其大而全为特征.最为突出的是, 及其美国的姐妹篇 A Dictionary of American English on Histor
20、ical Principle ().,3. 专门词典 (Specialize dictionary) 专门词典的种类繁多,就语言词典而论,几乎关于词汇的每个领域都有专门词典.例如: 辞源词典 (其中最为有名的是Walter W. Skeat编的Etymological Dictionary of English Language和Charles T. Onions编的The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology). 同义词词典 (例如:A Dictionary of English Synonymous Expressions, Websters Dic
21、tionary of Synonyms). 成语词典 (例如:Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English, Dictionary of American Idioms). 发音词典 (最为有名的是Daniel Jones编的An English Pronouncing Dictionary和John S. Kenyon等编的A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English). 按概论分类的词典(最有名的是Peter Marc编的Rogets International Thesaurus). 用法词典 (
22、例如: Henry Watson Fowler编的A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Bergen Evans等编的A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage). 其他还有国情词典,方言词典,俚语词典,缩略语词典,人名词典,地名词典,图解词典等.至于科技词典或者以某一学科领域的词汇为对象的专门词典更是不胜枚举了.,4. 学生词典(learners dictionary) 一种供本国学生使用的词典,如:Chambers Students Dictionary(), The Oxford School Dictio
23、nary(), Chambers Young Set Dictionaries(), Oxford English Picture Dictionary(), Collins COBUILD Learners Dictionary (). 另一种是转为外国人学英语而编纂的,如:Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary of Current English(), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(), Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary()/ Cambridge I
24、nternational Dictionary of English (), Collins COBUILD English Learners Dictionary ().,5. 双语词典(bilingual dictionary) 英语和其它语种之间的双语或多语词也是种类繁多,以我国出版的英汉词典来说,有陆谷孙主编的,郑易里主编的,葛传等编的,王同忆主编的等;汉英词典有林语堂编的(A Modern Chinese English Dictionary), 梁实秋编的(A Practical Chinese-English Dictionary),吴光华主编的(Chinese-English
25、Dictionary), 戴鸣钟,戴炜栋主编的(A Comprehensive Chinese-English Dictionary),吴景荣主编的, (A Chinese-English Dictionary)汉英双语版 (外语教学与研究出版社2002年11月)等.,6.专科词典 专科词典专门收录某一专业领域词语.如,对外经济贸易大学国际贸易系,陆乃圣(经济改革类),柳葆青,谢涛, 袁恩恒等.,7. 新词词典 现代科技日新月异,新词语表达层出不穷.研究此类词语的词典也是如雨后春笋,如张健,朱诗向,杨秀珍,路玉昆,中国日报网站等.,Content of English dictionary,1
26、. 拼写 英语词典在正字法 (orthography)方面起着相当重要的作用,现在人们使用英语都词典的拼法为准,英美拼法不同的词在词典上一般都列出来(如centre 和center, kerb 和curb), 一个词有两种或两种以上拼法时在词典上一般也都列出来(如:judgement 和judgment). 单词如何移形,复合词是否用连字符号等内容也可以在词典上找到依据.同形异义词则通常列为不同的词, 在右上角标上数字(如gum1 橡胶, gum2 齿龈).,2. 发音 (pronunciation) 紧接着词条的是发音.各种词典使用的表音方法不同,例如: 美国词典多用韦氏音标,英国出版的词典
27、有的用国际音标,有的用牛津音标,或者另外一套音标.有的词典前后两版命名用的标音方法也有不同, 就是一例,它的前两版命名用”宽式”国际英标,第三版开始改用”严式”国际音标,第四版又作改动.我们使用本词典的时候一定要看一看它的发音说明部分. 有的词有两种以上发音,词典里也多有反映,第一发音一般来说较为通用.词典除了列出组成词的因素外,还反映出它的重音音节划分等.,3. 语法内容 (grammatical information) 词典一般都列出每个单词的词性,或者说明它们是前缀,后缀等,同时还列出一些不规则的词形变化.列出的不规则词形变化一般有名词的复数,动词的过去和过去分词,形容词和副词的比较级
28、和最高级等.有些学生词典列出的项目更多,例如:名词属于可数名词还是不可数名词,动词使用法的句型等.,4. 词源(etymology) 英美出版的中型综合词典一般都列出词源,有的把词源放在释义前,有的放在释义后,有的比较详细,有的很简单.中国学生一般不太注意词源这一项内容.但事实上,了解词源对了解词的根义,掌握派生词等都是很有益的.,5.释义 (definition) 释义是词典的中心部分.由于多数词是多义词,所以一个词条的释义部分往往包含许多义项.义项的顺序安排各种词典各不相同,有的以词义的历史发展为序,有的把该词条在当代语言中最重要的基本义放在最前面. 英语的释义方法有很多,常见的有 正式定
29、义(formal definition) 直观释义(ostensive definition) 举例释义(definition by examples) 同义释义(definition by synonym) 上下文释义(definition by context) 直接操作释义(operational defintion),6. 用法说明 (usage labelling) 标准化的程度(level) 标准语standard: 非标准语nonstandard 文体 (style) Formal 正式 informal 非正式 : colloquial slang 通用程度 (currency): old fashioned陈旧的, archaic 古词语, obsolete废弃的 使用地区(locality) 学科领域(field),7. 关联词语(related forms) 8. 各项附录(supplementary matters),
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