drugs药物.ppt
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1、Drugs,1.Definition of drug,A drug is a substance that alters body function. Traditionally, drugs have been derived from natural plant, animal, and mineral sources. Today, most are manufactured synthetically by pharmaceutical companies. A few, such as certain hormones and enzymes, have been produced
2、by genetic engineering. Many drugs, described as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, are available without prescription. Others require a health care providers prescription for use.,2.Word parts pertaining to drugs,-lytic = dissolving, reducing, loosening anxiolytic: agent that reduces anxiety 抗焦虑药 antihe
3、molytic: agents that prevent hemolysis 抗溶血药 thrombolytic drug: drugs that are used to dissolve blood clots (血栓,血小板)溶栓药 -mimetic =mimicking, simulating 模拟,模仿 sympathomimetic: mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system 拟交感神经药,溶解,降低,松散,-tropic=acting on 作用于 endocrinotropic : increase endoc
4、rine 促内分泌的 psychotropics: drugs acting on mind 精神类药物 anti-= aginst antidote: substance that counteracts a poison解药 antihypertensive: agents that counteracts high blood pressure 抗高血压药,-troph 营养 Tropin 激素,contra-=against contraceptive: preventing conception 避孕药 alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o=pain =-algia ana
5、lgesics: compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness 镇痛药(缓解) chem/o=chemical chemotherapy: treatment with drugs 化疗,hypn/o=sleep=somn hypnosis: an altered state with increased responsiveness to suggestion 催眠,催眠术 hypnotic: drugs that induce sleep 安眠药 narc/o=stupor 麻痹,麻木 narco
6、tic: drug that induces stupor 麻醉剂 pharmac/o=drug pharmacy: the science of preparing and dispensing drugs 药剂学,pyr/o, pyret/o=fever,fire 发热,起火 pyrogen: a substance that induces fever. These can be either internal (endogenous内源性的) or external (exogenous) to the body. The bacterial substance lipo/poly/s
7、accharide (LPS)脂多糖(脂肪), present in the cell wall of some bacteria, is an example of an exogenous pyrogen.热源 antipyretic: counteracting fever 解热药,退烧药 pyrexia: fever 发烧 tox/o, toxic/o=poison, toxin antitoxin: an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin 抗毒素(一种抗体),2.Routes of drug admini
8、stration,inhalation: administration though the respiratory system呼吸系统, as by breathing in an aerosol气雾剂 instillation: liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body, such as into the ear or onto the eye 滴注 eg. eye drop 滴眼剂 oral: given by mouth; per os (po) 口服,rec
9、tal: administered by rectal 直肠的suppository栓剂 or enema灌肠剂 。 直肠给药 sublingual (SL): administered under the tongue 。舌下给药 topical: applied to the surface of the skin。 局部给药 transdermal: absorbed through the skin, as from a patch placed on the surface of the skin。 经皮给药 dermo- dermato皮肤 e.g. epiderm 表皮,Inje
10、ction: administered by a needle and syringe described as parenteral肠胃外 routes of administration。 注射,intradermal (ID):injected into the skin 皮内注射 intramuscular (IM):injected into a muscle肌肉注射 intravenous: injected into a vein静脉内注射 subcutaneous (SC): injected beneath the skin; hypodermic (皮肤)皮下注射= hyp
11、odermic,皮,皮下组织,肌肉,3.Common drugs and their actions,Analgesics: alleviate pain narcotic analgesics:麻醉性镇痛剂 decrease pain sensation in central nervous system; chronic use may lead to physical dependence, e.g. morphine non-narcotic analgesics:非麻醉性镇痛剂 act peripherally to inhibit prostaglandins (local hor
12、mones); they may also be anti-inflammatory and antipyretic (reduce fever), e.g. aspirin,Formation of pain,tissue damage or inflammation pain producing substance prostaglandin, PG(前列腺素) leukotriene, LT(白三烯) bradykinin(缓激肽 ) 缓慢的 5-hydroxytryptamine (5羟色胺) interleukin(白介素) stimulate sensory nerves nerv
13、e impulse transmitted to nerve center feeling of pain,Makes receptor more sensitive to pain,tachy- 快的,致敏物质,Mechanism of action:,Phospholipids磷脂 phospholipase 磷脂酶 arachidonic acid(花生四烯酸) cyclooxygenase(环氧化酶) prostaglandin(前列腺素),Anesthetics: reduce or eliminate sensation 麻醉剂,local anesthetics: drugs t
14、hat can reversibly block generation and transmission of nerve impulses to relieve pain at local site without loss of consciousness, e.g. lidocaine general anesthetics: drugs that can inhibit central nervous system and cause temporary loss of consciousness,e.g. nitrous oxide,Anticoagulants 抗凝血剂,preve
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