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1、 为了帮助大家高效备考托福, 为大家带来托福 TPO35 阅读 Passage1 原文文本+题目+答案 解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。 Memphis:United Egypts First Capital 1The city of Memphis,located on the Nile near the modern city of Cairo,was founded around 3100 B.C.as the first capital of a recently united Egypt.The choice of Memphis by Egypts first kings refle
2、cts the sites strategic importance. First,and most obvious,the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the states administrative center,standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country.The older predynasti
3、c(pre-3100BC)centers of power,This and Hierakonpolis,were too remote from the vast expanse of the delta,which had been incorporated into the united state.Only a city within easy reach of both the Nile valley to the south and the more spread out,difficult terrain to the north could provide the necess
4、ary political control that the rulers of early dynastic Egypt(roughly 3000-2600 B.C.)required. 2The region of Memphis must have also served as an important node for transport and communications,even before the unification of Egypt.The region probably acted as a conduit for much,if not all,of the riv
5、er-based trade between northern and southern Egypt.Moreover,commodities(such as wine,precious oils,and metals)imported from the Near East by the royal courts of predynastic Upper Egypt would have been channeled through the Memphis region on their way south.In short,therefore,the site of Memphis offe
6、red the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm,an essential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on the movement of goods. 3Equally important for the national administration was the ability to control communications w
7、ithin Egypt.The Nile provided the easiest and quickest artery of communication,and the national capital was,again,ideally located in this respect.Recent geological surveys of the Memphis region have revealed much about its topography in ancient times.It appears that the location of Memphis may have
8、been even more advantageous for controlling trade,transport,and communications than was previously appreciated.Surveys and drill cores have shown that the level of the Nile floodplain has steadily risen over the last five millenniums.When the floodplain was much lower,as it would have been in predyn
9、astic and early dynastic times,the outwash fans(fan-shaped deposits of sediments)of various wadis(stream-beds or channels that carry water only during rainy periods)would have been much more prominent features on the east bank.The fan associated with the Wadi Hof extended a significant way into the
10、Nile floodplain,forming a constriction in the vicinity of Memphis.The valley may have narrowed at this point to a mere three kilometers,making it the ideal place for controlling river traffic. 4Furthermore,the Memphis region seems to have been favorably located for the control not only of river-base
11、d trade but also of desert trade routes.The two outwash fans in the area gave access to the extensive wadi systems of the eastern desert.In predynastic times,the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East,to judge from the unusual concentration of foreig
12、n artifacts found in the predynastic settlement of Maadi.Access to,and control of,trade routes between Egypt and the Near East seems to have been a preoccupation of Egypts rulers during the period of state formation.The desire to monopolize foreign trade may have been one of the primary factors behi
13、nd the political unification of Egypt.The foundation of the national capital at the junction of an important trade route with the Nile valley is not likely to have been accidental.Moreover,the Wadis Hof and Digla provided the Memphis region with accessible desert pasturage.As was the case with the c
14、ities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab,the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land(land suitable for growing crops)was a particularly attractive one for early settlement;this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early pred
15、ynastic times. 1.The word“trivial“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.similar B.inaccurate C.small D.significant Paragraph 1 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题为词汇题,根据所给单词 trivial 定位到第一段 More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed,which turns out to be trivial compared with the age
16、 of Earth,was the notion that one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features,and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant over time.本句大致意思为:与地球的年龄相比,Herodotus 这个人计 算出来的时间量是 trivial 的,与其相比更重要的是一个概念,这个概念是一个人可以通过 估计相应地理特征的某种过程的速度来估
17、计地理特征的年龄再以 Herodotus 为关键词定 位这个 time 是什么,找到本段第三句,发现他是推测 Nile Delta 花了几千年形成的。根据 常识,我们知道一个三角洲的年龄是不能跟古老的地球相比的,是远小于地球年龄的。这时 候回到题目看选项,A 相似的,B 不准确的,C 小的,D 重要的,选 C。 2.According to paragraph 1.Herodotusobservations of the Nile River Delta were significant because they allowed him to A.provide detailed record
18、s of the most significant floods in the history of the Nile B.develop a way of calculating the age of geologic features C.conclude that the Nile River Delta was as old as Earth D.predict when the river would flood and when it would not Paragraph 1 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 先看题干:Herodotus 这个人对于三
19、角洲的观察为什么是重要的呢?抓出关键词 Herodotus,Delta 和 significant 回原文第一段定位。第一段第四句也就是我们第一题里分 析过的那句同时出现了这三个关键词需要考生关注的是 significant 并没有原样出现, 而是通过 important 同义替换了。考生在关键词定位时注意不要只看题干里出现的词,要注 意原文中出现同义替换的地方,这往往就是答案所在。再次复习下这一句的意思,这次我们 把修饰的从句剃掉,直接抓出主干:More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed,was the notion.与
20、 Herodotus 计算出的数值相比,有个概念更重要。再细看,这 个 notion 是什么呢?one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features,and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant over time.本句大致意思是 : 一个人可以通过一些方法来估计地理特征的 年龄。理解原文到这个程度后,我们返回题目,看看四个选项:A 提供了关于什么什么的具 体的记录,本
21、句里没有,排除;B 发现了一种计算地理特征的年龄,对了;C 推测出这个三角洲 跟地球一样老,胡说八道;D 推测这个河流什么时候泛滥,原句没提。选 B。 3.According to paragraph 2,James Hutton was the first person to A.understand clues to Earths history through the rock record B.work out principles of the progressive depositing of sediment. C.realize that geologic processes
22、happen in cycles. D.describe the forces associated with subterranean heat. Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 先看题干,抓出关键词 James Hutton 和 first person。根据题目指示找到原文第二段, 根据关键词定位。However,James Hutton(1726-1797),known as the founder of modern geology,was the first to have the important insight that
23、geologic processes are cyclic in nature.这一句里两个关键词同时出现。本句主干的大致句意是:James Hutton 这个人是 第一个发现地理过程在自然界是循环往复的。接下来回到题目,A 通过岩石记录发现地球历 史的线索,没提;B 发现了沉积物逐渐分解的原理,也没提;C 发现地理过程循环发生,对了;D 描述了一个跟什么热量相关的力,跟原文没什么关系。选 C。 4.The word“exhibit“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.replace B.show C.cover D.expand Paragra
24、ph 2 is marked with 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 本题又是词汇题,解题套路与第一题相似。根据 exhibit 定位到第二段最后一句 : These rocks are then uplifted sometime in the future to form new mountain ranges,which exhibit the sedimentary layers(and the remains of life within those layers)of the earlier episodes of erosion and deposition.本句主干句意大致是
25、: 这些岩石未来会升高形 成新的山脉,这个山脉 exhibit 那些谁谁谁的沉降层。山脉和沉降层的关系就是 exhibit。 回到题目看选项:A 代替,B 展示,C 覆盖,D 扩展,只有 B 合适。 托福阅读词汇题占的比重不小, 但涉及到的词汇大多是常用的, 有些词汇还会反复出现。 所以虽然是可以根据语境推测出来,但考生还是最好加强单词的背诵,常见的词汇尽量快速 选对,省下时间去做耗费时间的题。 5.The word“episodes“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.occurrence B.locations C.effects D.com
26、binations Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 词汇题。首先根据 episodes 定位,定位到的句子跟第四题是同一句。本句主干我们上一 题里分析过了,这里看看里面这个定语从句。新的山脉展示了更早的侵蚀和沉积的 episodes 的沉降层(以及这些层里的生命残留物)。 返回题目看题干, A 发生, B 位置, C 效果, D 结合物。 每一个带入进去试一试,发现 A 发生算是最合理的,选 A。 6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information
27、in the highlighted sentence m the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Hutton realized that if these geologic processes have always occurred at about the same rate as they do today.Earths history is huge in comparison with human history
28、. B.Huttons examination of sedimentary layers led him to conclude that throughout Earth s long history,geologic processes have been generally the same as they are today. C.In spite of Huttons contributions to the understanding of geologic processes,what is known about Earths history is minor compare
29、d with what is known about human history. D.Huttons examination of sedimentary layers was quite vigorous for his day,and his conclusions about geologic processes are among the most significant in human history. Paragraph 3 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题是转换句子题。我们先看原文里的目标句:With the further assumpti
30、on that these geologic processes were generally no more or less vigorous than they are today,Huttons examination of sedimentary layers led him to realize that Earths history must be enormous,that geologic time is an abyss and human history a speck by comparison.本句大致意思是, 根据更深入的假设(这个假设是这些地质活动过去和今天一 样活
31、跃),Hutton 这个人对沉降层的检查让他发现了一个事实,这个事实就是与人类历史比, 地球的历史是巨大无比的。这个句子的逻辑关系是前半句 assumption 是 Hutton realize 理 解到这个程度,我们返回看题干,A Hutton 意识到如果以前地质活动的活跃度一直与现在持 平的话,那地球的历史远远久于人类历史,本选项可以。B Hutton 对于沉降层的检查让他得 出一个结论,这个结论就是在地球漫长的历史中,地质过程过去今天都一样,条件关系反了, 不选;C 尽管 Hutton 对于理解地址过程做出了贡献,我们对于地球历史的了解是远远少于对 人类历史的了解的,这个选项无中生有了一
32、个让步关系;D Hutton 对于沉积层的检查十分活 跃,他的结论在人类历史上很重要,本选项无中生有,不选。所以 A 是正确的。 7.According to paragraph 4,what happened when geologists at the turn of the twentieth century tried to estimate Earths age? A.They ignored Huttons findings about rates of sedimentation and thus tended to underestimate the age by a fact
33、or of 10 to 50. B.Using the sedimentary record,they were able to guess the correct age within 100 million to 400 million years. C.They did not realize that much of the sedimentary record is missing and thus assumed that Earth is much younger than it actually is. D.They did not correctly calculate th
34、e rates of sedimentation and thus concluded that Earth is much older than it actually is. Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题的关键词是 at the turn of the twentieth century,在原文里定位关键词,得到这 句话:Typical numbers produced at the turn of the twentieth century were 100 million to 400 million years.此句及下面
35、一句的大致意思是 : 在 20 世纪算出来的数据是 1000 万年 到 4000 万年,但是这个数据是被低估了的,因为一些沉积层的记录丢失掉了。选项 A 的意思 是他们因为忽视了 Hutton 的发现所以才低估了地球的年龄,因果关系错误;B 选项是说利用 沉积层的记录他们可以估算地球准确的年龄, 准确的这个词错误;C是原文的同义转述, 正确;D 得出的结论是我们计算出来的地球的年龄比它实际的年龄要大,错误,应该是低估了。 8.The word“flawed“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.several B.specific C.early
36、D.incorrect Paragraph 5 is marked with? 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本题为词汇题,目标词汇定位到原文中这一句:Various other techniques to estimate Earths age fell short,and particularly noteworthy in this regard were flawed determinations of the Suns age.flawed 意为有缺陷的, 给出的选项 A 几个, B 具体的, C 早的,D 不正确的,D 与 flawed 的意思最为相近,选择 D。 9.Why is
37、“gravitational contraction“mentioned in the passage? A.To show that questions about the Suns energy source were as interesting to early scientists as questions about Earths age. B.To provide evidence that Huttons ideas led to advances in physics and astronomy as well as in geology. C.To explain why
38、there is such a tremendous amount of energy flowing from the Sun. D.To cite a method for estimating the age of the Sun that was used to determine Earth s age. Paragraph 5 is marked with? 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本 题 关 键 词 为 gravitational contraction, 带 着 关 键 词 定 位 到 这 一 句 : Two physicists during the nineteent
39、h century both came up with ages for the Sun based on the Suns energy coming from gravitational contraction.此句大意为:两个物理学家在 19 世纪里一同根据太阳能量来自于 gravitational contraction 来算出了太阳的年龄。 根据 本段首句也是主旨句 Various other techniques to estimate Earths age fell short,and particularly noteworthy in this regard were fla
40、wed determinations of the Suns age.我 们可以得出本段主要是讲利用各种方法来测地球年龄。两句结合,推测出作者的意思是说明 可以用估计太阳年龄的方法估计地球年龄。 D 正确。 A 是说地球年龄的问题和太阳能源来源的 问题一样有趣,无中生有;B 是说 Hutton 的想法推动了物理学天文学和地理学的进步,无中 生有;C 是说解释了为什么大量能量从太阳流出来,也是无中生有的。确定选 D。 10.According to paragraph 5,Immanuel Kant recognized that the Suns energy A.could not be s
41、ustained through chemical reactions over the long term. B.came from compression resulting from the force of gravity. C.was largely the result of chemical reactions that took place over a period of more than a millennium. D.was necessary to fuel most of the chemical reactions on Earth. Paragraph 5 is
42、 marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题题干关键词是人名 Immanuel Kant,根据这个人名定位到句子 It had been recognized by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant(1724-1804)that chemical reactions could not supply the tremendous amount of energy flowing from the Sun for more than about a millennium.本句大意为 Immanuel Kant 这个人发现化学反应并不足以提
43、供上千年来 从太阳放射出来的能量。A 选项就是本句的同义转述,正确;B 选项是说太阳能量来自重力产 生的挤压,与此句无关;C 是说太阳能量大部分是由化学反应提供的,与原句不符,原句主要 是说化学反应不足以提供太阳的能量;D 是说太阳能量对于地球上的化学反应来说是必须的, 无中生有。 11.According to paragraph 6,which of the following is NOT true about scientists most recent estimate of Earths age? A.It is based on information taken from th
44、e examination of meteorites. B.It is surprisingly consistent with estimates from the nineteenth century. C.It is confirmed by solar evolution models. D.It puts the age of Earth at about 4 5 billion years. Paragraph 6 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 本题的 A,C,D 三个选项都可以在第六段的最后一句找到:By the 1960s,both analy
45、sis of meteorites and refinements of solar evolution models converged on an age for the solar system,and hence for Earth,of 4 5 billion years.这句大意是:直到 20 世纪 60 年代, meteorites 的分析和 solar evolution models 的细化这两者共同先得出了太 阳的年龄,又算出了地球的年龄是大约四五十亿年。A 出现在 analysis of meteorites,C 出 现在 refinements of solar evo
46、lution models,D 出现在 hence for Earth,of 4 5 billion years。B 选项原文中并没有提及,无中生有,是错误选项,选择 B。 12.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the formation of the solar system? A.The Sun was already billions of years old when the planets were formed. B.The planets closest to the Sun formed
47、 first. C.Meteorites entered the solar system sometime after the planets were formed. D.All parts of the solar system formed at approximately the same time. Paragraph 6 is marked with? 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本题关键词是 formation of the solar system,带回原文,定位到本句:By the 1960s,both analysis of meteorites and refinem
48、ents of solar evolution models converged on an age for the solar system,and hence for Earth,of 4 5 billion years.本句关键在于 converged on an age for the solar system,即聚合成为太阳系的年龄,与 D 选项的太阳系各 部分在大约同一时间形成是一个意思, 选择 D。 A, B 和 C 在原文中并没有提及, 属于无中生有, 不选。 13.Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the followin
49、g sentence could be added to the passage. This idea came to be known as the principle of uniformitarianism,and Herodotus was only the first to apply it Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a squareto insert the sentence in the passage. One of the first recorded observers to surmise a long age for Earth was the Greek historian Herodotus,who lived from approximately 480 B.C.to 425 B.C.He observed that the Nile River Delta was in fact a series of sediment deposits built up in successive floods.By noting that individual floods deposit only t
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