托福TPO35阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析.pdf
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1、 为了帮助大家高效备考托福, 为大家带来托福 TPO35 阅读 Passage3 原文文本+题目+答案 解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。 The surface of Mars 1The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features,including huge volcanoesthe largest known in the solar systemand extensive impact cratering.Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge,a
2、n enormous geologic area near Marss equator.Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all:Olympus Mons,with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base.The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smallera“mere”18 ki1ometers high. 2None of
3、these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars.Instead,they are shield volcanoesvolcanoes with broad,sloping slides formed by molten rock.All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found
4、on shield volcanoes on Earth.Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes.Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge,but many sma11er ones are found in the northern plains. 3The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planets low s
5、urface gravity.As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano,the volcanos eventual height depends on the new mountains ability to support its own weight.The lower the gravity,the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain.It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Ha
6、waiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height(about10 kilometers)above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity.Marss surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth,so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high.Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active
7、?Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions,but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago(an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes),some of them may still be at least intermittently active.Milli
8、ons of years,though,may pass between eruptions. 4Another prominent feature of Marss surface is cratering.The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars,as well as that of its two moons,is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space.As on our Moon,the smaller craters
9、are often filled with surface mattermostly dustconfirming that Mars is a dry desert world.However,Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts.On the Moon,ancient craters less than100 meters across(corresponding to depths of about 20 meters)have been obliterated,pr
10、imarily by meteoritic erosion.On Mars,there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter.The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent,with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterat
11、e them. 5As on the Moon,the extent of large impact cratering(i.e.craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed)serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface.Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Marss southern highlands to a few hundred million years in th
12、e youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way. 6The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planets surface.Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta(debris formed as a result of an impact)that looks quite differen
13、t from its lunar counterparts.A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the(fairly typical)crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences.The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust,soil,and boulders.However,t
14、he ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost,or water ice,lies just a few meters under the surface.Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice,resulting
15、 in the fluid appearance of the ejecta. Paragraph 1 Q29 The word“enormous”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.Important B.Extremely large C.Highly unusual D.Active 正确答案:B 解析:回到原文题干定位词汇出现的句子, “Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge,an enormous geologic area near Mars s equato
16、r.” 从句型结构来看, 这 句话的是修饰 Tharsis bulge 的同位语短语。 根据主句的主语 three very large volcanoes 来 推断,Tharsis bulge 很大,所以推断选 B 选项。enormous=very large in size or quantity=extremely large,巨大的。extremely large,特别巨大的;highly unusual,高度罕 见的;active,活跃的。希望考生考试之前尽量掌握这些词汇。 Q30 According to paragraph 1,Olympus Mons differs from
17、volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge in that Olympus Mons A.Has more complex geologic features B.Shows less impact cratering C.Is taller D.Was formed at a later time Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow. 正确答案:C 解析 : 题目问的就是 OM(Olympus Mon)这个东西和 Tb(Tharsis bulge)上的火山区别在哪 儿。定位原文第三四句话:“Olympus Mons,with a heig
18、ht of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base.The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smallera“mere” 18 kilometers high.” 很容易看出二者高度是不同的, 25 km18km,所以选 C。 Paragraph 2 None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the
19、 Martian crustthere is no plate motion on Mars.Instead,they are shield volcanoesvolcanoes with broad,sloping slides formed by molten rock.All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth.Images of the Martian surface reveal many hund
20、reds of volcanoes.Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge,but many smaller ones are found in the northern plains. Q31 The word“distinctive”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.Deep B.Complex C.Characteristic D.Ancient 正确答案:C 解析:回到原文题干找到词汇出现的句子,“All four show distinct
21、ive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth.”这句话的 主语是 all four,谓语是 show,宾语是 lava channels and flow features.修饰 lava channels 的是 distinctive,修饰 flow features 的是 similar to those所以 distinctive 和 similar 应该是对比的关系,similar 是“相似的” ,那么找和 distinctive 的近义词选项就
22、 是找有 “不相似的” 意思的词, 于是选 C。 Characteristic 是 “有特点的” 之意, 与 distinctive, “独 特的,特别的”是近义词。deep,深的,深刻的;complex,复杂的;ancient,古老的。希望考 生考试之前尽量掌握这些词汇。 Q32 According to paragraphs 1 and 2,which of the following is NOT true of the shield volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge? A.They have broad,sloping sides. B.They are s
23、maller than the largest volcano on Mars. C.They have channels that resemble the lava channels of volcanoes on Earth. D.They are over 25 kilometers tall. Paragraph 1 and 2 are marked with an arrow. 正确答案:D 解析 : 注意题目要找的是 NOT true 的选项, 也就是, 其它三个选项的信息都能在原文 1、 2 段中找到,所以需要逐一排除筛选出答案。A 选项在第 2 段第 2 句话找得到对应;B
24、定位第一 段最后一句话, “The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller(than the largest volcano on Mars)”;C 在第二段中的对应在”lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth”,resemble=be similar with.排除法选出 D 选项。而且 D 明显错误,可以直接定位第一段最后一句话, “The three large v
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