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1、 为了帮助大家高效备考托福, 为大家带来托福 TPO36 阅读 Passage2 原文文本+题目+答案 解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。 The origin of Earths atmosphere In order to understand the origin of Earths atmosphere,we must go back to the earliest days of the solar system,before the planets themselves were formed from a disk of rocky material spinning around
2、the young Sun.This material gradually coalesced into lumps called planetesimals as gravity and chance smashed smaller pieces together,a chaotic and violent process that became more so as planetesimals grew in size and gravitational pull.Within each orbit,collisions between planetesimals generated im
3、mense heat and energy.How violent these processes were is suggested by the odd tilt and spin of many of the planets,which indicate that each of the planets was,like a billiard ball,struck at some stage by another large body of some kind.Visual evidence of these processes can be seen by looking at th
4、e Moon.Because the Moon has no atmosphere,its surface is not subject to erosion,so it retains the marks of its early history.Its face is deeply scarred by millions of meteoric impacts,as you can see on a clear night with a pair of binoculars.The early Earth did not have much of an atmosphere.Before
5、it grew to full size,its gravitational pull was insufficient to prevent gases from drifting off into space,while the solar wind(the great stream of atomic particles emitted from the Sun)had already driven away much of the gaseous material from the inner orbits of the solar system.So we must imagine
6、the early Earth as a mixture of rocky materials,metals,and trapped gases,subject to constant bombardment by smaller planetesimals and without much of an atmosphere. As it began to reach full size,Earth heated up,partly because of collisions with other planetesimals and partly because of increasing i
7、nternal pressures as it grew in size.In addition,the early Earth contained abundant radioactive materials,also a source of heat.As Earth heated up,its interior melted.Within the molten interior,under the influence of gravity,different elements were sorted out by density.By about 40 million years aft
8、er the formation of the solar system,most of the heavier metallic elements in the early Earth,such as iron and nickel,had sunk through the hot sludge to the center giving Earth a core dominated by iron.This metallic core gives Earth its characteristic magnetic field,which has played an extremely imp
9、ortant role in the history of our planet. As heavy materials headed for the center of Earth,lighter silicates(such as the mineral quartz)drifted upward.The denser silicates formed Earths mantle,a region almost 3,000 kilometers thick between the core and the crust.With the help of bombardment by come
10、ts,whose many impacts scarred and heated Earths surface,the lightest silicates rose to Earths surface,where they cooled more rapidly than the better-insulated materials in Earths interior.These lighter materials,such as the rocks we call granites,formed a layer of continental crust about 35 kilomete
11、rs thick.Relative to Earth as a whole,this is as thin as an eggshell.Seafloor crust is even thinner,at about 7 kilometers;thus,even continental crust reaches only about 1/200th of the way to Earths core.Much of the early continental crust has remained on Earths surface to the present day. The lighte
12、st materials of all,including gases such as hydrogen and helium,bubbled through Earths interior to the surface.So we can imagine the surface of the early Earth as a massive volcanic field.And we can judge pretty well what gases bubbled up to that surface by analyzing the mixture of gases emitted by
13、volcanoes.These include hydrogen,helium,methane,water vapor,nitrogen,ammonia,and hydrogen sulfide.Other materials,including large amounts of water vapor,were brought in by cometary bombardments.Much of the hydrogen and helium escaped;but once Earth was fully formed,it was large enough for its gravit
14、ational field to hold most of the remaining gases,and these formed Earths first stable atmosphere. Paragraph 1:In order to understand the origin of Earths atmosphere,we must go back to the earliest days of the solar system,before the planets themselves were formed from a disk of rocky material spinn
15、ing around the young Sun.This material gradually coalesced into lumps called planetesimals as gravity and chance smashed smaller pieces together,a chaotic and violent process that became more so as planetesimals grew in size and gravitational pull.Within each orbit,collisions between planetesimals g
16、enerated immense heat and energy.How violent these processes were is suggested by the odd tilt and spin of many of the planets,which indicate that each of the planets was,like a billiard ball,struck at some stage by another large body of some kind.Visual evidence of these processes can be seen by lo
17、oking at the Moon.Because the Moon has no atmosphere,its surface is not subject to erosion,so it retains the marks of its early history.Its face is deeply scarred by millions of meteoric impacts,as you can see on a clear night with a pair of binoculars.The early Earth did not have much of an atmosph
18、ere.Before it grew to full size,its gravitational pull was insufficient to prevent gases from drifting off into space,while the solar wind(the great stream of atomic particles emitted from the Sun)had already driven away much of the gaseous material from the inner orbits of the solar system.So we mu
19、st imagine the early Earth as a mixture of rocky materials,metals,and trapped gases,subject to constant bombardment by smaller planetesimals and without much of an atmosphere. 1.According to paragraph 1,why was the HMS Beacon in the Aegean Sea? A.To capture creatures along the sea bottom. B.To provi
20、de Forbes with transportation back and forth across the Aegean. C.To test the effectiveness of a new type of dredge. D.To carry out a survey of the Aegean Sea. Paragraph 1 is marked with? 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本题关键词是 HMS Beacon 和 Aegean Sea,定位回原文找到这一句:In 1841 Edward Forbes was offered the chance to serve a
21、s naturalist aboard HMS Beacon,an English Royal Navy ship assigned to survey the Aegean Sea.答案在这个定语从句里:HMS Beacon,an English Royal Navy ship assigned to survey the Aegean Sea.HMS Beacon 是一艘 船,是去调查 Aegean Sea 的。选项 D 符合这句话的意思。其他三个选项均与此句无关。 2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential in
22、formation in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways for leave out essential information. A.he hundreds of different species of animals Forbes collected fell into eight distinct groups,each associated with a different depth zone. B.Forbes realiz
23、ed that depth zones,like elevation zones,contain hundreds of different species. C.By collecting hundreds of different animals on land and sea,Forbes discovered that there were eight elevation zones and eight depth zones. D.In addition to collecting different species of animals in eight ocean zones,F
24、orbes collected different species of plants in eight mountain zones. Paragraph 1 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本 题 高 亮 出 来 的 句 子 是 : He collected hundreds of different species of animals,and he saw that they were distributed in eight different depth zones,each containing its own distinct assemblage
25、 of animal life,the way zones of elevation on the side of a mountain are populated by distinct sets of plants.他收集了上百种的动物, 并且他认为他们是分布在八个不同深度的空间里,每个空间含有自己独特的生物,就像在山 的不同高度区域里的植被种类不同一样。选项 A 复述了主要内容,可以选;选项 B 说 Forbes 这个人不同高度的区域含有上百种物种,漏去了很多关键信息,不选;选项 C 说 Forbes 同时 发现了八个深度不同的区域和八个高度不同的区域,并没有,他只发现了 zones o
26、f depth, zones of elevations 是拿来类比 zones of depth 的, 不是他一起发现的;选项 D 说 Forbes 不 仅收集了海洋生物,还收集了植物,但是他没有搜集植物,不选。选择 A。 3.Why does the author mention that Forbes“extended a line on his graph of animal number versus depth“? A.To indicate how Forbes concluded that some forms of animal life in the depths of t
27、he ocean had never been seen before. B.To help explain how Forbes arrived at his theory of the azoic zone. C.To make the point that Forbes was a well-trained professional. D.To show how naturalists of Forbess time carried out their research. Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 根据本题关键短语 extend
28、ed a line on his graph of animal number versus depth 定位到 第二段,第二段主要讲的是 Forbes 认为,海里越深,生物种类就越少,所以他自己画了一道 线,线的下面就是没有生命存在的区域,叫 azoic zone。选项 B 说帮助解释 Forbes 是怎么得 出 azoic zone 的结论的,正确;选项 A 说他发现了没有被发现过的物种,选项 C 说证明了他 很专业,选项 D 说展示了那个时代的分析者怎么做分析,都与原文无关。选择 B。 4.According to paragraph 2,what did Forbes believe
29、about the possibility of life on the ocean floor deeper than 1,800 feet deep? A.No plants or animals could live there. B.Only plants could live there. C.Only animals could live there. D.It was not possible to say whether any plants or animals could live there. Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确
30、解析: 本题的关键词在于 1800 feet deep。根据这个数字定位回第二段 This zero,Forbes casually speculated-he simply extended a line on his graph of animal number versus depth-probably began at a depth of 1,800 feet.这句说明 1800 feet 以下都是 zero zone, 也 就是说这个线下面就没有生物生存了。选项 A 符合。其余三个选项都不合题意。 5.According to paragraph 3,what was wrong
31、with Francois Perons conclusion? A.It was based on inaccurate temperature measurements. B.It assumed that the deeper the water,the colder it got. C.It did not take into account the fact that ice floats. D.It overlooked the fact that the sea is deeper in some places than in others. Paragraph 3 is mar
32、ked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题以人名 Peron 为关键词定位回原文第三段:Peron ignored the fact that water expands when it freezes and that ice therefore floats.其实从这一段的第二句开始都是在 讲 Peron 的理论,他认为越往深处去,海水越冷,所以到了最深的海底,海水会结冰。但是 他忽视了如果真的海水结冰了的话,冰不会待在海底而会浮上去。选项 C 符合题意。其余三 个选项原文里都没有提到。选择 C。 6.The word“sensible“in the passage is cl
33、osest in meaning to A.famous B.highly trained C.reasonable D.experienced Paragraph 3 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题根据考察的单词 sensible 定位回原文中这一句:But even the more sensible naturalists of the day were guilty of a similar misconception.本句大意是:但是即使是 当时更加理智的自然学家也为相似的错误概念感到愧疚。sensible 意思是理智的。选项 A 是 著名的, 选
34、项 B 是严格训练的, 选项 C 是合理的, 选项 D 是经验丰富的。 选择 C 最贴近 sensible 的意思。 7.The word“exceptionally“in the passage is closet in meaning to A.surprisingly B.extraordinarily C.frequently D.specifically Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 本题根据考察的单词 exceptionally 定位回原文中这一句:Although the Aegean had been the birthp
35、lace of marine biology,its depths are now known to be exceptionally lacking in animal diversity.本句大意是 : 即使 Aegean 这片海是海洋生物学的诞生地,但 是现在得知它的深度在动物多样性上面非常有限。exceptionally 意思是非常的,极其的, 表程度上的强调。选项 A 是惊奇地,选项 B 是非常地,选项 C 是频繁地,选项 D 是特定地。 选项 B 最贴合 exceptionally 的意思。 8.According to paragraph 4,what did all the i
36、deas about the deep sea discussed in paragraph 3 have in common? A.They were all based on Forbess observations. B.They all challenged Forbess theory. C.They all presented the deep sea as lifeless. D.They all underestimated the depth of the sea. Paragraph 3,4 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题根据题目指示看到
37、第四段,第一句即是答案:The central implication of all these misconceptions was that nothing could live in the abyss(deep),just as Forbess observations seemed to indicate.本句前半句说这些错误观念的共同点就是没有东西可以 在海的深处存活。符合选项 C 所说深海是无生命存在的。其余三个选项都属于无中生有,没 有原文的依据。选择 C。 9.According to paragraph 4,what was one mistake that Forbes
38、made? A.He assumed that Aegeans depths and other oceansdepths had comparable animal diversity. B.He placed too much importance on the fact the Aegean had been the birthplace of marine biology. C.He failed to notice that his samples of marine life mostly came from the sea bottom and were not typical
39、of life-forms at higher levels. D.He did not realize that the seafloor in many parts of Earth is much deeper than it is in Aegean. Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题根据 Forbe 和 mistake 定位到这一句:But Forbes erred in two ways.One was the particular study site he happened to use as a springboard
40、 for his sweeping postulate of a lifeless abyss.Although the Aegean had been the birthplace of marine biology,its depths are now known to be exceptionally lacking in animal diversity.Forbes 犯了两个 错误,第一个是他假设他取样的海洋里的动物多样性跟其他的海里的是一样的。但其实他取 样的海洋里动物多样性少于其他的地方。选项 A 符合原文中的说法,正确。其他三个选项原 文中没有提及。 10.According
41、to paragraph 4,Forbess dredge had each of the following problems EXCEPT: A.It opening was too small to collect certain kinds of animals. B.The holes in its net were so large that animals could escape through them. C.It could not get all the way down to the Aegean seafloor to sample the animals there
42、. D.Many animals were lost out of its open mouth when it was pulled up. Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题根据 Forbes 和 dredge 定位到这里 : It was his dredge that was inadequate.Its opening was so small and the holes in the net so large that the dredge inevitably missed animals.Many of those it
43、did catch must have poured out of its open mouth when Forbes reeled it in.His azoic zone,then,was a plausible but wild extrapolation from pioneering but feeble data.选项 A 对应原文中的 Its opening was so small,选项 B 对应原 文中的 the holes in the net so large,选项 D 对应原文中的 Many of those it did catch must have poured
44、 out of its open mouth when Forbes reeled it in.只有选项 C 没有对应的原 文中的证据。选择 C。 11.The word“inevitably“in the passage is closet in meaning to A.frequently B.necessarily C.unpredictably D.unfortunately Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 根据所考察的单词定位回原文中这一句 : It was his dredge that was inadequate.Its
45、opening was so small and the holes in the net so large that the dredge inevitably missed animals.本句大意是:他的取样是不够的。因为他用的工具 dredge 开口太小,网上 的孔又太大,导致这个东西肯定会漏下动物。inevitably 意思是不可避免的。选项 A 是频繁 地,选项 B 是必须地,选项 C 是不可预测的,选项 D 是不幸地,选项 B 最贴合 inevitably 的 意思。选择 B。 12.Paragraph 5 strongly suggests which of the follo
46、wing about Forbes and Ross? A.Forbes got the idea for his dredge from Rosss deep-sea clam. B.Forbes did not know about the discoveries Ross had made in Baffin Bay with help of his deep-sea clam. C.Forbes carried out his investigations in the Aegean partly to disprove Rosss theory about the possibili
47、ty of life in a abyss. D.Forbes overestimated the depths of the seas and oceans he studied while Rosss calculations were as accurate as those provided by modern soundings. Paragraph 5 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 本题根据题目指示回到原文第五段:As it turned out,the existence of the azoic zone had been disproved e
48、ven before Forbes suggested it,and the theory continued to be contradicted regularly throughout its long and influential life.第一句就告诉了我们 答案 : Forbes不知道在他提出azoic zone之前, 这个东西的存在就已经被人证实是错误的了。 而后文告诉我们证实它不存在的就是 Ross。所以其实 Forbes 对于 Ross 的分析一无所知,如 果他知道他就不会再提出一个已经被否定的理论了。选项 B 合适。其他三个选项都与原文意 思相悖。 13.Look at
49、the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Thus,many people in the early nineteenth century thought that when a ship sank,it never reached bottom,but instead floated on this layer of dense water. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a squareto insert the sentence in the passage. 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 首先仔细看下需要插入的句子:Thus,many people in the early nineteenth century thought that when a ship sank,it never reached bottom,but instead floated on this layer of dense water.本句开头是 thus,说明这是个讲后续结果的句子,那么前一句肯定是 说明原因或者上一个过程的。那么我们一一去看四个
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