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1、 为了帮助大家高效备考托福, 为大家带来托福 TPO37 阅读 Passage1 原文文本+题目+答案 解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。 Thales And The Milesians While many other observers and thinkers had laid the groundwork for science,Thales(circa 624 B.C.E-ca 547 B.C.E.),the best known of the earliest Greek philosophers,made the first steps toward a new,more obje
2、ctive approach to finding out about the world.He posed a very basic question:“What is the world made of?“Many others had asked the same question before him,but Thales based his answer strictly on what he had observed and what he could reason out-not on imaginative stories about the gods or the super
3、natural.He proposed water as the single substance from which everything in the world was made and developed a model of the universe with Earth as a flat disk floating in water. Like most of the great Greek philosophers,Thales had an influence on others around him.His two best-known followers,though
4、there were undoubtedly others who attained less renown,were Anaximander and Anaximenes.Both were also from Miletus(located on the southern coast of present-day Turkey)and so,like Thales,were members of the Milesian School.Much more is known about Anaximander than about Anaximenes,probably because An
5、aximander,who was born sometime around 610 B.C.E,ambitiously attempted to write a comprehensive history of the universe.As would later happen between another teacher-student pair of philosophers,Plato and Aristotle,Anaximander disagreed with his teacher despite his respect for him.He doubted that th
6、e world and all its contents could be made of water and proposed instead a formless and unobservable substance he called“apeiron“that was the source of all matter. Anaximanders most important contributions,though,were in other areas.Although he did not accept that water was the prime element,he did
7、believe that all life originated in the sea,and he was thus one of the first to conceive of this important idea.Anaximander is credited with drawing up the first world map of the Greeks and also with recognizing that Earths surface was curved.He believed,though,that the shape of Earth was that of a
8、cylinder rather than the sphere that later Greek philosophers would conjecture.Anaximander,observing the motions of the heavens around the polestar,was probably the first of the Greek philosophers to picture the sky as sphere completely surrounding Earth-an idea that,elaborated upon later,would prev
9、ail until the advent of the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century. Unfortunately,most of Anaximanders written history of the universe was lost,and only a few fragments survive today.Little is known about his other ideas.Unfortunately,too,most of the written work for Anaximenes,who may hav
10、e been Anaximanders pupil,has also been lost.All we can say for certain about Anaximenes,who was probably born around 560 BCE,is that following in the tradition of Anaximander,he also disagreed with his mentor.The world,according to Anaximenes,was not composed of either water or apeiron,but air itse
11、lf was the fundamental element of the universe.Compressed,it became water and earth,and when rarefied or thinned out,it heated up to become fire.Anaximenes may have also been the first to study rainbows and speculate upon their natural rather than supernatural cause. With the door opened by Thales a
12、nd the other early philosophers of Milestus,Greek thinkers began to speculate about the nature of the universe.This exciting burst of intellectual activity was for the most part purely creative.The Greeks,from Thales to Plato and Aristotle,were philosophers and not scientists in todays sense.It is p
13、ossible for anyone to create“ideas“about the nature and structure of the universe,for instance,and many times these ideas can be so consistent and elaborately structured,or just so apparently obvious,that they can be persuasive to many people.A scientific theory about the universe,however,demands mu
14、ch more than the various observations and analogies that were woven together to form systems of reasoning,carefully constructed as they were,that would eventually culminate in Aristotles model of the world and the universe.Without experimentation and objective,critical testing of their theories,the
15、best these thinkers could hope to achieve was some internally consistent speculation that covered all the bases and satisfied the demands of reason. 1.Why does the author discuss the question“What is the world made of?“posed by Thales? A.To help explain how Thales differed from earlier Greek thinker
16、s. B.To trace the origin of the question through ancient history. C.To emphasize that the answer to the question proposed by Thales was the first correct solution. D.To suggest why the question remained unanswered for so long. Paragraph 1 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题根据题干 What is the world made
17、of?定位到第一段这一句:He posed a very basic question:“What is the world made of?“Many others had asked the same question before him,but Thales based his answer strictly on what he had observed and what he could reason out-not on imaginative stories about the gods or the supernatural.本句大意是说 明其他人在 Thales 之前也提出
18、过相同的问题,但是 Thales 是把他的理论基于观察到的现象 和推理上, 而不是想象中的关于神和超自然的故事。 所以这段话是主要说明 Thales 这个人的 观点和前人观点有何不同,选项 A 符合。选项 B 说追溯问题的源头,选项 C 是说这个问题是 第一个正确的问题,选项 D 说解释为什么这个问题一直没有人解答。都不合适。 2.The word“renown“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.power B.fame C.wealth D.wisdom Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 本
19、题根据所考察单词定位到这一句:His two best-known followers,though there were undoubtedly others who attained less renown,were Anaximander and Anaximenes.本句大意 是他的两个最著名的跟随者/徒弟是 Anaximander 和 Anaximenes,尽管还有很多其他的跟随 者并不出名。renown 是生育,名声的意思。选项 A 是力量,选项 B 是名声,选项 C 是财富, 选项 D 是智慧。选项 B 最贴合 renown 的意思。选择 B。 3.The word“compre
20、hensive“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.complete B.true C.short D.academic Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题根据所考察单词定位到这一句:Much more is known about Anaximander than about Anaximenes,probably because Anaximander,who was born sometime around 610 BCE,ambitiously attempted to write
21、a comprehensive history of the universe.本句大意 是,世人对于 Anaximander 的了解比 Anaximenes 多,可能是因为前者出生于公元前 610 年, 他很有雄心壮志地尝试去写一部宇宙全史。comprehensive 在这里是全面的意思。选项 A 是 完全的,选项 B 是真实的,选项 C 是短的,选项 D 是学术的。选项 A 最贴合 comprehensive 的意思。选择 A。 4.Paragraph 2 implies which of the following about Thales? A.His students tended
22、to closely follow his views. B.He was born sometimes around 600 BCE. C.Little is known about most of his followers. D.His influence was largely limited to the town of Miletus. Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题的答题依据分散在整个第四段里。选项 A 的依据是 Anaximander disagreed with his teacher,他的学生并没有同意 Thale
23、s 的观点,选项 A 错误;选项 B 的依据是 Anaximander,who was born sometime around 610 BCE, 不是选项里的600 BCE, 选项B错误;选 项 C 的依据是 though there were undoubtedly others who attained less renown,他的大多 数徒弟都是不为世人所熟知的,正确;选项 D 在原文中没提到,错误。选择 C。 5.The highlighted word“him“in paragraph 2 refers to A.Thales B.O Anaximander C.Anaximene
24、s D.Plato Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题根据所考察的指示代词定位回原文的这一句:Anaximander disagreed with his teacher despite his respect for him.这句话的意思是,Anaximander 尽管很尊敬他的老师, 但是并不同意他的观点。这里的 him 指代的就是 Anaximander 的老师 Thales。选择 A。 6.According to paragraph 3,some Greek philosophers who came after Anaxima
25、nder did notshare his belief that A.the world was made of something other than water. B.all life originated in the sea. C.the sky was a sphere surrounding Earth. D.Earth was cylindrical in shape. Paragraph 3 is marked with? 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本 题 根 据 Greek philosopher 和 Anaximander 定 位 回 原 文 中 这 一 句 : H
26、e believed,though,that the shape of Earth was that of a cylinder rather than the sphere that later Greek philosophers would conjecture.本句大意是, Anaximander 相信地球是圆 的,尽管后来的希腊哲学家认为地球是另一种形状。所以选项 D 正确。其余三个选项都不符 合这句话的意思。 7.The phrase“elaborated upon“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.proved wrong B.m
27、isunderstood C.repeated D.Further developed Paragraph 3 is marked with? 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本题根据所考察的词组定位回原文中这一句:Anaximander,observing the motions of the heavens around the polestar,was probably the first of the Greek philosophers to picture the sky as sphere completely surrounding Earth-an idea that,elab
28、orated upon later,would prevail until the advent of the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century.本句的主干意思是,Anaximander 是第一位把地球天空描绘成完全包裹地球的样子 的人。这个观点后来被人再次加工发展细化,在 17 世纪的科学革命以前是压倒性的观点。 elaborate upon 的意思是精细化, 继续努力。 选项 A 的意思是证明错误, 选项 B 的意思是误解, 选项 C 的意思是重复,选项 D 的意思是进一步发展。选项 D 最贴合本题词组的意思。选择 D。 8.
29、Why does the author refer to“the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century“? A.To identify the time when Anaximanders theory was first considered seriously. B.To introduce the evidence that helped to develop Anaximanders ideas. C.To indicate how long one of Anaximanders ideas remained influen
30、tial. D.To give an example of the many unsuccessful attempts to discredit Anaximanders ideas. Paragraph 3 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题所定位到的句子与第七题一样:Anaximander,observing the motions of the heavens around the polestar,was probably the first of the Greek philosophers to picture the sky as sphere
31、completely surrounding Earth-an idea that,elaborated upon later,would prevail until the advent of the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century.最后强调到 17 世纪这个观点才停止作为压倒性的观点, 就是为了说明这个观点一直 被人认同,到现代科学出现之前,它都是被认为有道理。选项 A 说是为了说明这个理论第一 次被认真考虑的时间点,选项 B 说是为了告诉我们帮助发展这个观点的证据,选项 C 是说这 个观点具有长久的影响力,选项 D 是说为
32、了说明很多不成功的想去推翻这个观点的尝试。选 项 C 最符合题意。选择 C。 9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Like Anaximander,Anaximenes disagreed with his mentor
33、. B.Traditionally,philosophers born after Anaximenes tended to disagree with their own mentors. C.Historians have been able to determine that Anaximenes was born in 560 B.C.E and that he followed in the tradition of Anaximander. D.Even though Anaximenes was Anaximanders follower,he disagreed with hi
34、s mentor. Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题让我们先找到高亮的句子:All we can say for certain about Anaximenes,who was probably born around 560 BCE,is that following in the tradition of Anaximander,he also disagreed with his mentor.删去 who 后面那个定语从句,再删去 following in the tradition of Anaximander 这个非谓语修
35、饰成分,句子的主干就是 Anaximenes also disagree with his mentor.选项 A 契合。 选项 B 说在他们之后哲学家都倾向于不赞同自己的 老师,过于扩大化了;选项 C 是说 Anaximenes 出生于公元前 560,这个属于无关信息;选项 D 说 Anaximenes 和 Anaximander 是师生关系,错误。选择 A。 10.According to paragraph 4,Anaximenes believed that A.when water was heated up,it became apeiron. B.Earth was made o
36、f compressed air. C.the heat from a fire caused the air to become thinner. D.Rainbows had both natural and supernatural causes. Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 本题定位回第四段后半部分:The world,according to Anaximenes,was not composed of either water or apeiron,but air itself was the fundamental ele
37、ment of the universe.Compressed,it became water and earth,and when rarefied or thinned out,it heated up to become fire.本句大意是,根据 Anaximenes 的说法,地球不是水和 apeiron 组 成的,而是空气组成的。空气压缩后变成水和土地,加热变成火。选项 B 符合。其余三个选 项都错误转述了原文意思或者根本就没有被提及。 11.Paragraph 5 suggests that,in speculating about the nature of the univer
38、se,Milesian thinkers A.made careful use of reasoning B.studied the universe scientifically C.tested their theories critically D.kept their theories simple Paragraph 5 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题根据 Milesian thinkers 去回到原文中定位,发现出题点分布在第五段。选项 A 来 自 that were woven together to form systems of reaso
39、ning,carefully constructed as they were,的确是来自谨慎的推理,正确;选项 B 和 C 来自 Without experimentation and objective,critical testing of their theories,这个结论并没有实验研究支撑,也没有客 观的批判的检验,选项 B 和 C 都是错误的;选项 D 来自 these ideas can be so consistent and elaborately structured,这个观点是精细的,不是 simple 的,选项 D 错误。选择 A。 12.The word“culm
40、inate“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.be included B.combine C.reach completion D.be rejected Paragraph 5 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题根据所考察的词汇定位回原文这一句:A scientific theory about the universe,however demands much more than the various observations and analogies that were woven together t
41、o form systems of reasoning,carefully constructed as they were,that would eventually culminate in Aristotles model of the world and the universe.这句主干的意思大致是,这一个科学的宇宙理论来自于系统的推理和谨慎的构造, 最终在 Aristotle 的地球和宇宙模型里达到最盛。culminate 本意是达到顶点,强调一个慢 慢攀升最终到最佳的过程。选项 A 的意思是被包含,选项 B 的意思是结合,选项 C 的意思是 达到完善,选项 D 的意思是被拒绝。选
42、项 C 最贴合 culminate 的意思。选择 C。 13.Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In this respect it more closely resembled the thinking of artists and novelists than the thinking of scientists constrained by fact. Where would the sentence best fit? Cli
43、ck on a squareto insert the sentence in the passage. 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题插入题,先看下需要插入的句子:In this respect it more closely resembled the thinking of artists and novelists than the thinking of scientists constrained by fact. 本句开头 in this respect 暗示前面有个句子与本句构成逻辑关系, 另外 it 这个词在这里也 是有指代前文某个概念的作用。 根据这两点一一去尝试四个插
44、入位置。 发现第一个位置最好, 第一个位置前面的一句是讲爆发性的智力活动是纯粹创新的。 in this respect 指的是基于这 种爆发性的智力活动基础上,it 指代 intellectual activity。 14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the
45、 passage.Some answer choices do not belong in summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.The Question is worth 2 points The early Greek philosopher Thales and his followers tried to achieve a rational understanding of the nature of the u
46、niverse. Answers Choices A.In the Milesian School established by Thales.Teachers taught what they knew to their followers,who were then strongly encouraged to correct any errors in reasoning. B.Much of the written work of Anaximander and of Anaximenes has been lost,including a major work on the hist
47、ory of the universe by Anaximenes. C.The ideas about astronomy held by members of the Milesian School continued to be widely accepted by scientists even after the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century. D.Among early Greek philosophers,there was sharp disagreement even between teachers and
48、 students about the essential substance from which the world was made. E.Anaximanders work covered a broad range of issues that influenced later Greek thinkers,including the origin of life,the history of the universe,and the shape of both Earth and the sky. F.While Greek philosopherstheories about t
49、he world did not rely on appeals to supernatural forces,they also were not scientific,since they were not tested with experiments. Drag your answer choices to the space where they belong.To remove an answer choice,double click on it. 答案: DEF 选项正确 解析: 本题需要依次分析六个选项 : 选项 A 说 Thales 创办了 Milesian School, 这个是不对的, 原文中说 like Thales,were members of the Milesian School,说明 Thales 自己也是 members 之一,本选项错误;选项 B 后半句意思是 history of universe 是 Anaximenes 的,错 误,第二段 Much more 开头的那一句说明这个著作是 Anaximander 的;选项 C 说 17 世纪的科 学革命继续支持 Milesian 学院的天文观点,错误,到了科学革命出现,他们的观点就停止流 行了;选项 D 是说在世界构成的问题上, 古希腊的老师和学生之
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