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1、 为了帮助大家高效备考托福, 为大家带来托福 TPO37 阅读 Passage3 原文文本+题目+答案 解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。 Modern Architecture In The United States At the end of the nineteenth century,there were basically two kinds of buildings in the United States.On one hand were the buildings produced for the wealthy or for civic purposes,which tende
2、d to echo the architecture of the past and to use traditional styles of ornamentation.On the other hand were purely utilitarian structures,such as factories and grain elevators,which employed modern materials such as steel girders and plate glass in an undisguised and unadorned manner.Such buildings
3、,however,were viewed in a category separate from“fine“architecture,and in fact were often designed by engineers and builders rather than architects.The development of modern architecture might in large part be seen as an adaptation of this sort of functional building and its pervasive application fo
4、r daily use.Indeed,in this influential book Toward a New Architecture,the Swiss architect Le Corbusier illustrated his text with photographs of American factories and grain storage silos,as well as ships,airplanes,and other industrial objects.Nonetheless,modern architects did not simply employ these
5、 new materials in a strictly practical fashionthey consciously exploited their aesthetic possibilities.For example,glass could be used to open up walls and eliminate their stone and brick masonry because large spaces could now be spanned with steel beams. The fundamental premise of modern architectu
6、re was that the appearance of the building should exhibit the nature of its materials and forms of physical support.This often led to effects that looked odd from a traditional standpoint but that became hallmarks of modern architecture for precisely this reason.For example,in traditional architectu
7、re,stone or brick walls served a structural role,but in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams,which meant that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways.At the Fagus shoe factory in Germany,for e
8、xample,German architect Walter Gropius placed glass walls in the corners,effectively breaking open the box of traditional architecture and creating a new sense of light and openness.Similarly,steel beams could be used to construct balconies that projected out from the building without any support be
9、neath them.These dramatic balconies quickly became a signature of modern architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright.Wrights most dramatic residence,Fallingwater,has balconies that thrust far out over a stream in a way that seems to defy gravity. The ways in which new technology transformed architectural
10、design are dramatically illustrated through the evolution of the high-rise office building.After ten or twelve stories,masonry construction reaches a maximum possible height,since it runs into difficulties of compression and of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear.Steel construction,on t
11、he other hand,can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty.Such buildings were so different from any previous form of architecture that they quickly acquired a new namethe skyscraper. From the standpoint of real estate developers,the purpose of skyscrapers was to increase rental sp
12、ace in valuable urban locations.But to create usable high-rise buildings,a number of technical challenges needed to be solved.One problem was getting people to the upper floors,since after five or six stories it becomes exhausting to climb stairs.Updated and electrified versions of the freight eleva
13、tor that had been introduced by Elisha Graves Otis in 1853(several decades before skyscraper construction)solved this problem.Another issue was fire safety.The metal supporting buildings became soft when exposed to fire and collapsed relatively quickly.(They could melt at 2700 Fahrenheit,whereas maj
14、or fires achieve temperatures of 3000degrees).However,when the metal is encased in fire-retardant materials,its vulnerability to fire is much decreased.In Chicago,a system was developed for surrounding the metal components with hollow tiles made from brick-like terra- cotta.Such tiles are impervious
15、 to fire.The terra-cotta tiles were used both to encase the supporting members and as flooring.A structure built with steel beams protected by terra-cotta tiles was still three times lighter than a comparably sized building that used masonry construction,so the weight of the tiles was not a problem.
16、 1.The word“pervasive“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.innovation B.skilled C.eventual D.widespread Paragraph 1 is marked with? 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本题根据所考察词汇定位到原文中这一句话:The development of modern architecture might in large part be seen as an adaptation of this sort of functional building and its
17、pervasive application for daily use.本句的大致意思是:现代建筑的发展可能很大程 度上被视为是功能性建筑以及其广泛日常应用的变种。pervasive 的意思是广泛的。选项 A 是创新,选项 B 是熟练的,选项 C 是最终的,选项 D 是广泛的。选项 D 最贴合 pervasive 的 意思,选择 D。 2.The word“eliminate“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.get rid of B.avoid C.minimize D.replace Paragraph 1 is marked with?
18、答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题根据所考察词汇定位到原文中这一句话:For example,glass could be used to open up walls and eliminate their stone and brick masonry because large spaces could now be spanned with steel beams.本句的大致意思是:例如,玻璃可以被用在开放性的墙上,减 少石头和砖块的使用, 因为大的空间现在可以用钢条来搭建。 eliminate 的意思是减少, 消减。 选项 A 是摆脱,选项 B 是避免,选项 C 是最小化,选项 D 是
19、代替。选项 A 最贴近 eliminate 的意思。选择 A。 3.Why does the author mention that Le Corbusier included“photographs of American factories and grain storage silos,as well as ships,airplanes,and other industrial objects“in Toward a New Architecture? A.To argue that Le Corbusier should be considered more of a builder
20、 or an engineer than an architect. B.To support the claim that modern architects was influenced by practical structures and the ways they were built. C.To provide evidence that modern architects were more concerned with practicality than with aesthetics. D.To document how architects moved from desig
21、ning only buildings to designing vehicles and industrial objects. Paragraph 1 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 本题根据题干给出的关键词 Le Corbusier 定位到这几句话:The development of modern architecture might in large part be seen as an adaptation of this sort of functional building and its pervasive application for dai
22、ly use.Indeed,in this influential book Toward a New Architecture,the Swiss architect Le Corbusier illustrated his text with photographs of American factories and grain storage silos,as well as ships,airplanes,and other industrial objects.第一句是说现代建筑借鉴了日常功能性建 筑的设计,第二句就举了 Le Corbusier 这个人的观点来进行证实。选项 B 说
23、的 support the claim 可以。选项 A 说这个人更应该被认为是工程师而不是建筑家,选项 C 说现代建筑更关 心实用而不是美学,选项 D 说为了记录建筑师是怎么从设计房子转成设计车和工业用品的, 都不合适。选择 B。 4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as distinguishing the two kinds ofbuildings in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century? A.Function B.Cost C.Mate
24、rial D.ornamentation Paragraph 1 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 本题题干的两个关键词是 the two kinds of buildings 和 at the end of the nineteenth century。 根据这两个词定位到第一段前三分之一。 On the one hand 那一句前半句讲到了选项 A 的 function, 后半句讲到了选项 D 的 ornamentation, On the other hand 那一句后半句提 到了选项 C 的 materials。只有选项 B 的 cost 没有提到。选择 B
25、。 5.The word“exhibit”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.show B.determine C.make attractive D.include Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题根据所考察词汇定位到原文中这一句话:The fundamental premise of modern architecture was that the appearance of the building should exhibit the nature of its materials
26、 and forms of physical support.本句的大致意思是 : 现代建筑的基本前景是建 筑的外观应该展示它所用的原材料和物理支撑的形状。此处 exhibit 的意思是展示。选项 A 的意思展示,选项 B 的意思是决定,选项 C 的意思是使吸引人,选项 D 的意思是包括。选项 A 最贴近 exhibit 的意思。选择 A。 6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect cho
27、ices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.The structural role of steel beams made it possible to hang stone or brick walls instead of using them for support as traditional architecture had. B.Opening up walls and corners was unimportant in traditional architectu
28、re so walls and corners were solid until steel-beam buildings were designed. C.In steel-beam buildings,the beams provide the structural support,so walls and comers can be opened up in ways not possible in traditional architecture. D.In a steel-beam buildings the walls are essentially hung from the i
29、nternal skeleton of steel beams,which means that stone and brick masonry are not needed. Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题先找到高亮的地方:For example,in traditional architecture,stone or brick walls served a structural role,but in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the i
30、nternal skeleton of steel beams,which meant that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways.这句话主干的大 致意思是:传统建筑中是石头和砖块的墙充当了支撑结构,但是在钢条支撑的建筑里,墙是 由内部的钢结构撑起来的,这意味着墙壁和墙角再也不需要一定坚固,可以以一些出人意料 的方式打开。 选项 A 说钢框架让墙壁和墙角可以用石头和砖块组成, 错误;选项 B 说开放的墙 壁墙角是不重要的,这个原文里没有提到;选项 C
31、是本句的同义转述,正确;选项 D 后半句说 石头和砖块再也不需要了,应该是坚固的墙角墙壁不需要了。选择 C。 7.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that all of the following features of modern architecture seemed odd from the standpoint of traditional architecture EXCEPT A.the use of glass walls B.the sense of light and openness C.the construction of ba
32、lconies with solid supports beneath them D.the hanging of walls from an internal structure of steel beams Paragraph 2 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题涉及到第二段的中后部分。选项 A 出现在 German architect Walter Gropius placed glass walls in the corners,正确;选项 B 出现在 creating a new sense of light and openness,正确;选项 D
33、 出现在 in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams,正确。只有选项 C 出现在 steel beams could be used to construct balconies that projected out from the building without any support beneath them,without 说明 C 是错误的。选择 C。 8.According to paragraph3,which of the
34、following is true of steel-frame buildings? A.They cannot be more than 50 stories high. B.They cannot successfully combat wind shear. C.They have greater lateral strength than masonry buildings. D.They are usually skyscrapers. Paragraph 3 is marked with? 答案: C 选项正确 解析: 本题涉及到第三段的中后部分。选项 A 在原文中 Steel
35、construction,on the other hand,can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty, 错误, 是可以超过 50 楼高的;选项 B 出现在 of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear, 错误, 也是可 以成功抗风的;选项D出现在最后they quickly acquired a new namethe skyscraper, 错误, 原文中没有说明 usually 这么高的比例,只是说有的。只有选项 C 可以依据原文里 and of
36、inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear,正确。选择 C。 9.The phrase“Impervious to“in the passage is closest in meaning to A.hardened by B.transformed by C.manufactured with D.unaffected by Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本题根据所考察词汇定位到原文中这一句话:Such tiles are impervious to fire.联系 上下文我们可以得
37、知,这一块讲的是钢架构的熔点低,耐不住高温,一旦着火很危险,所以 建筑家用了一种防火材料裹在钢筋外面。impervious 意思是防火的。选项 A 是加固,选项 B 是转化,选项 C 是制作,选项 D 是不受影响。选项 D 最符合 impervious 的意思,选择 D。 10.According to paragraph 4,who benefited from solving problems associated with skyscraper construction? A.The inventor of the elevator,Elisha Graves Otis. B.Engin
38、eers and construction workers. C.People who used the lower floors of tall buildings. D.Real estate developers. Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本题根据 benefit 和 problems associated with skyscraper construction 定位到第四 段第一句:From the standpoint of real estate developers,the purpose of skyscraper
39、s was to increase rental space in valuable urban locations.本句大意是 : 站在房地产开发商 的角度上,摩天大楼建造的目的就是为了增加有限土地上的租金。所以受益的是房地产商。 选项 D 符合。选项 A 的是发明者,选项 B 是工程师和建筑工人,选项 C 是使用低楼层的人, 都不对。选择 D。 11.In paragraph 4,the author provides information about the melting point of metal in order to A.explain why fire safety was
40、 a crucial issue for steel-frame buildings B.describe the process by which steel is molded into beams C.argue that there is no way to make steel buildings safe D.support the position that steel was not a good material for use in tall buildings Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: A 选项正确 解析: 本题根据题干的 melti
41、ng point 定位到这几句:Another issue was fire safety.The metal supporting buildings became soft when exposed to fire and collapsed relatively quickly.(They could melt at 2700 Fahrenheit,whereas major fires achieve temperatures of 3000degrees).第一句就说明了为什么要考虑钢的熔点因为钢与石头比起来熔点低, 耐不住高温,所以防火对于钢架构的楼来说很重要。选项 A 正确。选项
42、 B 说描述钢是怎么被 铸成钢条的,选项 C 说证明没有钢架构建筑是安全的,选项 D 说钢铁在建筑里不是个好的材 料,都不对。选择 A。 12.According to paragraph 4,why were terra-cotta tiles used in buildings with steel beams? A.Terra-cotta is lighter than steel. B.Terra-cotta is a fire-retardant material. C.Terra-cotta tiles were as cheap as bricks. D.Terra-cotta
43、tiles could be used for flooring. Paragraph 4 is marked with? 答案: B 选项正确 解析: 本题根据题干给的关键词 terra-cotta 定位到这一句:The terra-cotta tiles were used both to encase the supporting members and as flooring.A structure built with steel beams protected by terra-cotta tiles was still three times lighter than a com
44、parably sized building that used masonry construction,so the weight of the tiles was not a problem.这两句的中心意思是 terra-cotta 这种材料既可以防火,又足够轻巧。选 项 B 符合这种材料是防火材料,正确。选项 A 说 terra-cotta 比钢铁轻,这个原文里没有提; 选项 C 说这种材料跟砖块一样便宜,也没有提;选项 D 说这种材料可以用来 flooring,原文 里也没有提。选择 B。 13.Look at the four squaresthat indicate where
45、 the following sentence could be added to the passage. Even the air space within the tiles served to insulate the metal from the heat of fire. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a squareto insert the sentence in the passage. 答案: D 选项正确 解析: 本题先分析需要插入的句子:Even the air space within the tiles se
46、rved to insulate the metal from the heat of fire.句首的 even 预示着这一句和它前一句是让步关系, 前一句 肯定也是讲的防火的事情。带着这个预设一一去试每个可插入的位置,发现最后一个位置最 合适。 前面一句总体上说一下这种 tile 是防火的, 下一句说甚至里面的空气也可以防止钢条 被火的热量融化。构成逻辑关系。选择 D。 14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summar
47、y by selecting THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.The Question is worth 2 points In the twentieth century,new material
48、s and construction techniques contributed to a change in architectural style. Answers Choices A.At the end of the nineteenth century,the emphasis was on preserving and conserving historic civic buildings rather than on creating new large structures. B.Modern architects did not accept the traditional
49、 distinction between“fine“architecture and buildings that used ordinary materials and a utilitarian design. C.Steel construction opened up the possibility of very tall buildings,but these skyscrapers also required new technologies such as elevators and fireproofing. D.In his influential book Toward a New Architecture,Le Corbusier argued that builders and engineers ought to lead a new revolution in building design. E.Architects such as Walter Gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright used new materials like plate glass and steel beams to create buildings that emphasized openness,light,and a fe
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