托福TPO6阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析.pdf
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1、 为了帮助大家高效备考托福,为大家带来托福 TPO6 阅读 Passage1 原文文本+题目+答案 解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。 托福 TPO6 阅读 Passage1 原文文本: Powering the Industrial Revolution In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George (1760-1820), available sources of power for w
2、ork and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancas
3、hire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable wa
4、terpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power. The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which ex
5、panding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but
6、it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston tur
7、n a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, ther
8、eby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption. Watts steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The rea
9、dy availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit
10、 houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever- increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial
11、 Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials. By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it
12、 also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a
13、transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingre
14、dients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredie
15、nts, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century. 托福 TPO6 阅读 Passage1 题目: Question 1 of 13 Which of the sentences below best expresses the
16、 essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only i
17、n Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven. B. The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water- powered grain and textile m
18、ills were located in undesirable places. C. Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland. D. Running water was the only source of power that was suitable
19、for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise. Question 2 of 13 Which of the following best describes the relation of paragraph 2 to paragraph 1? A. Paragraph 2 shows how the
20、 problem discussed in paragraph 1 arose. B. Paragraph 2 explains how the problem presented in paragraph 1 came to be solved. C. Paragraph 2 provides a more technical discussion of the problem introduced in paragraph 1. D. Paragraph 2 shows why the problem discussed in paragraph 1 was especially impo
21、rtant to solve. Question 3 of 13 The word “exploited ” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. utilized B. recognized C. examined D. fully understood Question 4 of 13 The word “vastly ” in the passage is closet in meaning to A. quickly B. ultimately C. greatly D. initially Question 5 of 13 Accord
22、ing to paragraph 2, the “atmospheric engine ” was slow because A. it had been designed to be used in coal mines B. the cylinder had to cool between each stroke C. it made use of expanding steam to raise the piston in its cylinder D. it could be operated only when a large supply of fuel was available
23、 Question 6 of 13 According to paragraph 2, Watts steam engine differed from earlier steam engines in each of the following ways EXCEPT: A. It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder. B. It worked with greater speed. C. It was more efficient in its use of fuel. D. It could be used in many differen
24、t ways. Question 7 of 13 In paragraph 3, the author mentions William Murdochs invention of a new form of nighttime illumination in order to A. indicate one of the important developments made possible by the introduction of Watts steam engine B. make the point that Watts steam engine was not the only
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