托福TPO9阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析.pdf
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1、 为了帮助大家高效备考托福,为大家带来托福 TPO9 阅读 Passage1 原文文本+题目+答案 解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。 托福 TPO9 阅读 Passage1 原文文本: Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the B
2、ering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It
3、was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the
4、existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward f
5、rom Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeo
6、logists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the ver
7、y edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Wash
8、ington. The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmarks hypothesis
9、 received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest. More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice- free areas through
10、out major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between
11、southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants
12、, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago. The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This
13、 is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe tha
14、t the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf tha
15、t were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago. The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated a
16、reas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction. 托福 TPO9 阅读 Passage1 题目: Question 1 of 14 According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by A. pale
17、oecologist Glen MacDonalds argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believed B. the demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrect C. evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously bee
18、n believed D. research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed Question 2 of 14 The word “persuasively ” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. aggressively B. inflexibly C. convincingly D. carefully Question 3 of 14 Paragraph 2 begins by presenting
19、a theory and then goes on to A. discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejected B. present the evidence on which the theory was based C. cite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrect D. explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible Question 4 of 14 The phras
20、e “prior to ” is closest in meaning to A. before B. immediately after C. during D. in spite of Question 5 of 14 Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas? A. They could not have sailed d
21、irectly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region. B. They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milder. C. They would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glac
22、iers had begun to melt. D. They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips. Question 6 of 14 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways t
23、o leave out essential information. A. Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages. B. Fladmarks hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region. C. The fact that the greates
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