最近发展区理论.ppt
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1、Zone of Proximal Development,Les Vygotsky,杨林燕 漆雪彬 李月,Contents,Origins,The concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) was originally developed by Vygotsky to argue against the use of academic, knowledge-based tests as a means to gauge students intelligence. Vygotsky argued that rather than exa
2、mining what a student knows to determine intelligence, it is better to examine their ability to solve problems independently and their ability to solve problems with the assistance of an adult.,Vygotsky,Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a Russian psychologist. He worked on child development, play and lan
3、guage. He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development. 1934, he died of TB.,Vygotsky,Vygotskys view is that language has two functions: external communication with ones fellow human beings and, equally important, the internal manipulation of ones inner thoughts. Lang
4、uage starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or “thinking out loud.“ Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-tal
5、k is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior.,Works,Vygotsky L. 1962. Thought and language. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-72001-9. Revised and expanded edition 2012. ISBN 978-0-262-51771-3 Vygotsky L. 1962. Psychology of art. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-22013-2 Vygotsky L. 1978. Min
6、d in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-57629-2,Introduce the Zone of Proximal Development,Vygotsky stated that a child follows an adults example and gradually develops the ability to do certain tasks without help or a
7、ssistance. Vygotskys often-quoted definition of ZPD presents it as the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable
8、 peers. Vygotsky among other educational professionals believes the role of education to be to provide children with experiences which are in their ZPD, thereby encouraging and advancing their individual learning.,A six-year old boy who lost his toy and asks his father for help. father: when is the
9、last time you see the toy? boy: I dont remember. father: is it in your room? boy: no. father: is it in the yard? boy: no. father: is it in the kitchen? boy: no. father: is it in the car? boy: yes, i think so. Then the boy run to get the toy. In this dialogue, insread of find the toy for his son, the
10、 father helped the boy to remember where he left the toy.,The problem is solved under adult guidance, or, the problem solved in collaboration . and next time when the boy forget something again, he could use these strages to remember.,Scaffolding,The concept of the ZPD is widely used in world to stu
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