中西文化比较宇宙观.ppt
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1、Lines and Circles: A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures 环性与线性 中西文化比较 (Part I),This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies (Oxford University Press), The Quest (An Ameri
2、can philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal).,Lines and Circles: A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures,This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies
3、(Oxford University Press), The Quest (An American philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal).,Lines and Circles: A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures,该讲座以本人的一篇同名论文为基准。这篇论文的英文版及中文版曾先后发表或转载于英国剑桥大学出版社的今日英语、英国牛津大学出版社的亚洲研究、美国哲学刊物求索及中国刊物社会科学。,环性与线性 中西文化比较 左 飚,A Risky and
4、 Controversial Topic. 这是一个容易引起争议的话题,Culture is a pervasive concept. 文化是一个极为宽泛的概念。,Culture is a dynamic process. 文化是一个动态的过程。,Cultural difference is relative. 文化差异是相对的。,w,What is culture? 文化的定义,What is culture?,Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, a
5、nd any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Edward Tylor (1871) (a British anthropologist),文化是一个错综复杂的整体,它包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、习俗以及作为社会成员的人所获得的其他一切能力和习惯。 爱德华泰勒 (1871) 英国人类学家,Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted b
6、y symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. Culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as p
7、roducts of action, on the other hand, as conditioning elements of future action. Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (two American anthropologists, 1961),What is culture?,文化是由通过符号所获得并传播的显性及隐性行为模式所构成,这种行为模式形成人类群体的特征,包括它们在人工制品中的体现;文化的核心部分是传统的(源于历史并经历史选择的)观念,尤其是价值观。文化系统,一方面可被视为人们行为的产品,另一方面又可被看作是规约未来行为的条
8、件。 克洛依伯、克勒克荷恩 美国人类学家,文化的定义,What is Culture?,Culture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate behavior. J. P. Spradley (Psychologist),文化是后天获得的知识,人们用这种知识来解释以往的经验,生成未来的行为。 斯普拉德莱(心理学家),What is Culture?,Culture refers to the total pattern of human learned behavior
9、 transmitted from generation to generation. Salzmann (Sociologist),文化是指人们学得的行为的总体模式,这种行为模式代代相传 。 萨尔斯曼(社会学家),What is culture?,Culture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions which are transmitted and reinforced by members of the group. CED,文化是具有共同传统的群体的活
10、动和观念的总和,这些传统为这一群体的成员加以传播并加强。 剑桥英语词典,Culture is the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts.,Culture is a complex of typical behavior or standardized social characteristics peculiar to a specific group. WNID,文化是人类行为及其产品的总和,表现为思想、言论、行动及制成物品。,文
11、化是某一群体所特有的典型行为或规范化的社会特征的综合。 韦氏新国际词典,Characteristics of Culture 文化的特征,Characteristics of Culture,Non-natural (非自然性) Non-individual (非个人性) Non-innate (非先天性) Regional and trans-regional (地域性与超地域性) Epochal and trans-epochal (时代性与超时代性),Essentials of Culture,External (外在文化 / 有形文化) *behavior language, gest
12、ures, customs 行为 语言、手势、习俗等 *products literature, art, music, artifacts 产品 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等 Internal (内核文化 / 无形文化) *ideas beliefs, values, morals 观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等,Essentials of Culture 文化的要素,Essentials of Culture,Dead (死文化 ) *products (achievements) literature, art, music, artifacts, architecture 产品 文
13、学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等 Living (活文化 ) *ideas beliefs, values, morals 观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等 *behavior language, gestures, customs 行为 语言、手势、习俗等,Layers of Culture 文化的层次,产品/符号Products/Symbols,Behaviors 行为,Values 价值观念,Assumptions 对宇宙、人性的基本看法,Layers of Culture,Cultures: Universality and Individuality 文化的共性与个性,Commonali
14、ty of human nature 人性趋同,Penetrativeness and fusibility 渗透性及可融性,Accumulation and tradition 积淀与传统,Linearity and Circularity 线性与环性,Contrast in respect of :,Worldview (宇宙观) Core values (核心价值观) Outlook on time (时间观) Modes of thinking (思维模式) Linguistic expression (语言表达) Outlook on Arts (艺术观),How is the wo
15、rld observed and viewed in both cultures? 在中西两种文化中 人们是怎样看待世界的?,Man and Nature,人 与 自 然,1. Worldview 宇宙观,Linear division and circular enclosure (线分环合),Western: one dividing into two (一分为二) Chinese: two combining into one (合二为一),Opposites: Western: independence and opposition Chinese: interdependence a
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