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1、Chapter 4 Translation of Sentences,Part 2 Passive Voice, Negation vs. Affirmation,Procedures of today,A brief review of conversion and inversion Translation of passive voice sentences Negation vs. affirmation Exercises in class Assignments,Review,After some underground nuclear tests, large numbers o
2、f tiny aftershocks are recorded during the next few weeks. 在进行某些地下核试验以后的几星期内,可以记录到大量微弱的余震。 A word can now go by telephone from the Atlantic to the Pacific in one-twelfth of a second. 现在电话可在十二分之一秒钟内把一句话从大西洋传到太平洋。 The so-called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more appa
3、rent than real. 理论科学和应用科学家之间的所谓区分,与其说是实际存在的,不如说是表面的。 Conversely, work in applied science and technology frequently acts as a direct stimulus to the development of pure science. 相反,应用科学和技术领域内的工作,往往起着促进纯科学发展的作用。,Passive voice,For a long time, aluminium has been thought as an effective material for pre
4、venting metal corrosion. 长期以来,铝被当作一种有效地防止金属腐蚀的材料。 As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. 一边钻井,一边下钢管,以防周围土层塌陷。 Vulcanized rubber was a perfect insulating material; on the railway it was used for shock-absorbers and cushions. 硫化橡胶是一种很好的绝缘材料,在铁路上
5、可用来做减震器和减震垫。,译成主动句,By the summer of 1982 about 1,500 lakes had been limed at a cost about 15 million. 到1982年夏,约有1,500个湖泊撒了石灰,耗资约1,500万美元。 Since numerical control was adopted at machine tools, the productivity has been raised greatly. 自从机床采用数控以来,生产率大大提高了。 Although the first synthetic materials were c
6、reated little more than a hundred years ago, they can now be found almost everywhere. 虽然第一批合成材料仅在一百多年前才研制出来,但现在人们几乎到处都能见到他们。 On the screen the skylab could be seen orbiting round the earth in outer space. 在电视屏幕上,人们可以看到那个空间实验室在外层空间轨道上饶地球运行。,译成主动句,A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs c
7、ould ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home. 几年前人们还认为,观众竟然能打电话要求在自己家里的电视屏幕上播出节目是一件稀罕的事情。 It is believed to be natural that more and more engineers have come to prefer synthetic material to natural material. 人们相信,越来越多的工程人员宁愿用合成材料而不用天然材料是很自然的。,译成无主语句,Attention has bee
8、n paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion. 已经注意到采取防腐新措施。 Account should be taken of the low melting point of this substance. 应该考虑到这种物质的熔点低。 Such great lifting force is generated with a great saving in electric power per passenger. 这样就能产生大得多的提升力,从而大大节约每个旅客所消耗的电力。,译成判断句,This kind of device is mu
9、ch needed in the mechanical watch making industry. 这种装置在机械表制造工业中是很需要的。 The first explosive in the world was made and used in China. 世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造和使用的。 Produced by electrons are the X-rays, which allow the doctor to look inside a patients body. 电子产生的是X射线,它使医生能透视病人的身体。,译成被动句,The metric system is now
10、used by almost all the countries in the world. 米制现在被全世界几乎所有的国家采用。 New uses have been found for old metals, and new alloys have been made to satisfy new demands. 老的金属有了新用途,新的合金被冶炼出来,以满足新的需求。 How long has nuclear power been known to scientists? 核动力为科学家所认识已经有多久了?,More examples,Fuzzy control is found an
11、 effective way to control the systems without precise mathematic models. 人们发现,模糊控制是一种不具备精确数学模型的有效方法。 The test instrument is joined to the circuit with all the switches off so that no current should flow. 将测试仪器连接到电路上,并关断所有开关,使电路没有电流。 A motor which is too small would be subjected to frequent overload.
12、 容量太小的电动机时常会发生超载的现象。 One major medical experiment was carried out in a cylindrical chamber like this. 一项主要的医学实验是在一个像这样的圆筒形空间内进行的。 The earth is hit from time to time by streams of electrically charged particles poured out by the sun. 地球不时为太阳发出的带电粒子流所袭击。,Negation vs. affirmation,英语的否定: 部分否定、全部否定、双重否定、
13、形式否定和含蓄否定等 英语按照否定部位分为一般否定和特殊否定。前者指谓语部分的否定,后者是指除谓语以外的部分的否定。 否定成分的转移:不少英语否定句中的否定词出现的部位与其否定对象并不一致,因此我们常会看到,从语法结构上看,明明否定的是谓语,即一般否定,而实际上否定的是状语或其他成分。反之亦然。 一般来说,否定转移只出现在一般否定和特殊否定之间。即在各种否定句的内部,各种否定成分之间不会出现转移的问题。,一般否定转移成特殊否定,程度、方式、地点、时间、原因、目的或频率等状语 I do not recommend him because he is my brother. TT1: 我推荐他并不
14、是因为他是我的兄弟。 TT2: 因为他是我的兄弟,所以我不推荐他。 The computer is not valuable because it is expensive. TT1:计算机因为其价格贵而没有价值。 TT2: 计算机不是因为价格贵才有价值。 He was not listening all the time. TT1: 他一直都没有听。 TT2:他没有一直都在听。 The motor did not stop because the electricity was off. TT1: 电动机停转并非由于断电。 TT2:因为断电,电动机没有停下来。,否定谓语转为否定主语,All
15、substances are not good conductors of electricity. TT1: 所有的物质都不是电的导体。 TT2:并非所有的物质都是电的导体。 = Not all substance are good conductors of electricity. All that glisters is not gold. 闪光的东西并非都是金子。 = Not all that glisters is gold. In a thermal power plant, all the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted
16、 into heat. 在热电站中,燃料的化学能并不全部都转变成热能。,否定主句的谓语转移为否定从句的谓语,I dont think he will come today. 我认为他今天不会来。 I dont believe this book is worth reading. 我认为这书不值得一读。,特殊否定转移为一般否定,No sound was heard. 没有听到声音。 There can be no doubt about the difference between these compounds. 对这些化合物之间的差别不应有任何怀疑。 We shall consent to
17、 the designing plan under no circumstance. 在任何情况下,我们都不会同意这个设计方案。 The Yellow River goes by Jinan, not through the city. 黄河流经济南市郊而不穿过市区。,部分否定的译法,all, every, both, always, many, often等含有“整体”或“多数”意义的词与not 构成,通常译为“不全是”、“不总是”、“未必都”、“并非全”等。 Not all of the atomic nuclei of an element are identical. 同种元素的所有原
18、子核并非都是相同的。 Not many of us can understand this concept. 并非我们中的许多人能理解这一概念。 Every electric motor here is not old. 此处的电动机并非每台都是旧的。 He dose not like both of the computer. 这两台计算机他并非都喜欢。 =he like not both of the computer.否定谓语转移为否定宾语。,形式否定,We cannot be too careful in doing experiments. 做实验越细致越好。 We cannot h
19、elp admiring him for his great achievements in scientific research. 我们对他在科学研究方面的巨大成就不胜钦佩。 The importance of the project can hardly be exaggerated. 这项工程的重要性怎么说也不过分。 It is impossible to overestimate the value of the invention. 这项发明的价值怎么高估都不过分。,强调否定,His last three experiments were not nearly so well do
20、ne as the earlier ones. 他的最后三次试验做得远远不如早期的那么好。 The outcome of the experiments were not half bad. 试验的结果相当好。 If you knew who I was, you would not so much as to speak to me. 你若知道我是谁,那就连话都不想跟我说了。 He never came anywhere near knowing what it was. 他根本不懂得这是什么。 The machine is none the worse for wear. 这部机器并不因为
21、用久了而运转不良。,双重否定的译法,译成汉语的双重否定 Bearings should not be unboxed or unwrapped until the moment for fitting has arrived. 不到安装的时候,不应该打开轴承的包装。 There is no rule that has no exception. 没有无例外的规则。 Without friction, there could be no brake. 没有摩擦就没有制动。 译成汉语的肯定句 There is nothing unexpected. 一切都在预料当中。 The flowing of
22、 electricity through a wire is not unlike that of water through a pipe. 电流过导线就象水流过水管一样。 The errors are too obvious for us not to see them. 错误太明显了,我们一眼就看出来了。,含蓄否定,由某些名词引起的否定 (neglect, absence, loss, lack, exclusion, etc. ) A few instruments are in a state of neglect. 一些仪器处于无人管理的状态。 For the complicate
23、d problem he was at a loss for words. 面对这个复杂的问题,他不知道如何解释。 In the absence of gravity, there would be no air around the earth. 没有重力,地球周围就没有空气。 And in true chicken-or-the-egg fashion, the lack of courseware deters the purchase of computers by schools. 这真是一个先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题,没有教学软件,学校就不敢购买计算机。,含蓄否定,由某些动词或动词短语
24、引起的否定(fail, lack, refuse, stop, protectfrom, keepfrom, etc.) If you push an object but fail to move it, you do not work in a scientific sense. 如果推一个物体,但没有移动它,从科学意义上说并没有做功。 The specification lacks detail. 这份证明书不够详尽。 We have stopped producing this kind of motors. 我们已经不生产此类电动机了。 Then, the source of ene
25、rgy will cease to be a reason for war or an influence on foreign affairs. 那么,能源将再也不会是战争的一个祸根,再也不会影响外交事物了。,含蓄否定,由某些介词引起的否定(beyond, above, beneath, beside, instead of, etc.) This work is quite beyond him. 这项工作并非他所能做得了的。 Theory of Relativity worked out by Einstein is now above many peoples comprehensio
26、n. 爱因斯坦提出的“相对论”现在还是有许多人理解不了。 What you have suggested is beside the mark. 你的提议不切题。 Instead of eyes, electric eels and fishes use extremely accurate electric sense organs in the muddy rivers. 在浑浊的河水里,电鳗和电鱼不用眼睛看, 而是使用极为准确的电感器官。,含蓄否定,由某些连词引起的否定(before, but, would ratherthan, rather than, tooto, etc. ) T
27、here was something wrong with the meter before we finished the experiment. 我们还没有做完实验,这台仪表就坏了。 The temperature would have continued to go up but the feedback took place. 要不是发生反馈,温度还会继续升高。 In a solid-fuel rocket, the reaction of fuel mixture is relatively slow and steady rather than explosive. 在使用固体燃料
28、的火箭中,燃料混合物的反应比较缓慢而稳定,而不是爆发性的。,含蓄否定,由某些形容词或形容词短语引起的否定(free from, ignorant of, short of, last, little, few, etc.) The study confirmed that few people are likely to escape the effects of nuclear exchange. 研究证实几乎无人能逃脱互投核弹造成的恶果。 Japan is the last country to invent radar, but England. 发明雷达的国家决不是日本,而是英国。 S
29、hort of equipment, we make our own. 没有设备,我们自己造。 Atomic safety has gone far beyond such crude beginnings, but a riskfree reactor has yet to be built. 防原子的安全措施现在已远非开始时那种粗陋简拙的样子了,但是完全没有危险的反应堆尚有待修建。,Exercises in class,Modern scientific discoveries lead to the conclusion that energy can be created from m
30、atter and that matter, in turn, may be created from energy. But Japan spent roughly 3 billion, and is considered the international leader in most optic fields. Though it has been believed impossible to build a self-generating and ever-running machine, some engineers are trying to develop this idea.
31、The basic design of the steam engine has undergone no major change in over 200 years. The absence of air also explains why the stars do not seem to twinkle in space, as they do from the earth. Large scale fish kills have been recorded in some Swedish lakes, and these have attributed to aluminium poisoning rather than to high acidity alone.,Key to exercises,近代科学的发现得出这样的结论:物质可以产生能,能又可以产生物质。 但日本却花费了约30亿美元,人们认为它在光学的大多数领域居国际领先地位。 虽然人们认为不可能造出永动机,某些工程人员仍在尽力研究这个问题。 两百多年来,蒸汽机的基本结构没有发生任何重大变更。 正因为没有空气,所以星星在太空中不像从地球上看它们时那样闪闪发光。 记录表明,瑞典的某些湖泊之所以有大量鱼类死亡,主要是由于铝中毒,而不只是因为酸度高。,
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