101213班翻译概论ppt第12章.ppt
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1、第十二章 翻译的归化与异化,Domestication and foreignization,一、归化与异化的概念及其历史沿革,The concept and history of domestication and foreignization,Domestication & Foreignization,These two concepts, which stand for two different translation strategies, were first raised by the American translation theorist Lawrence Venuti
2、(劳伦斯韦努蒂) in the Translators Invisibility: A History of Translation . Domestication(归化): The translator brings the least strangeness of the source language to the readers in a transparent and fluent way. Foreignization(异化):The translator preserves the foreignness of the source language on purpose to
3、violate the rules of the target language.,Alienating & Naturalizing,Friedrich Schleiermacher (施莱尔马赫, Germany translator): Alienating(异化)- Reader-oriented Naturalizing(顺化)- Author-oriented,They are the predecessors of domestication and foreignization,the Translators Invisibility,The Translators Invis
4、ibility uses texts and translations from Britain, America and Europe, with which Venuti elaborates theoretical and critical means by which translation can be studied and practiced as a locus of difference, recovering and revising forgotten translations, in order to establish an alternative tradition
5、.,Agreeing with Sir Hohn Denham, Jjohn Dryden and Tytler, Venuti supported foreignization more than domestication.,The advantage of fluent translation: No too much translation trace was left in the text, which is always regarded as the translation standard,Norman Z. Shapiro (诺曼夏皮罗,born 1932) is an A
6、merican mathematician, who is the co-author of the RiceShapiro theorem.,As Norman Shapiro said: I think a good translation is supposed to be as transparent as a piece of glass, only small flaw allowed. The perfect one should have no translation trace at all.,Goethe divided translation into three par
7、ts, or three stages. The first stagewe get to know foreign countries by using our own language. The second stagetranslators try to pretend that they are in that foreign country, but as a matter of fact, they are practically borrowing the foreign ideas and values. The third stagethe target language c
8、onforms to the source text totally.,Antoine Berman (19421991) was a French translator, historian and theorist of translation. He once said in his worksThe Experience of the Foreign and Translation and the Trials of the Foreign that “the ethical purpose of the performance of translation is to 100% ac
9、cept the heterogeneity (of the ST). This had great impact on Lawrence Venuti.,Lu Xun once said, “In the premise of understanding, we should preserve the original charm as much as we can.” He could tolerate the unsmoothness part of the work to some degree. (He did this himself!) Because according to
10、him, this would help input new ideas and values into China as well as some novel ways when conveying.,二、如何正确认识翻译中的归化与异化问题,How to understand domestication and foreignization correctly,Venutis advocation of foreignization,Foreignization is resistant translation. Translations should be non-fluent so as
11、 to show the foreign identity of the source text and protect it from being influenced by the cultural ideology (文化意识形态) of the target language. The foreign texts and translating methods we choose should be the ones that are excluded from main stream cultural values of source texts. He believes that
12、he can challenge the cultural hegemony (文化霸权) of English-speaking countries his selection of the source text and usage of foreignization in translation, thus the equality of cultural exchange will be achieved.,Flaws in His Theory,1. He didnt take the purpose of literary translation or the requiremen
13、ts of readers into account. The well-known western translator Edith Grossman, who has been translating the works of Garcia Marquez (author of One Hundred Years of Solitude), said in a letter that her expectation of her translation was “to write as Garcia Marquez would have done had he been writing i
14、n English“.,Flaws in His Theory,Translator Tyldesley Esther (graduated from department of Chinese in Cambridge and department of translation in Leeds) always tells her students to “ignore the so-called foreignization theories“ and that “good translations should be native, idiomatic, and acceptable t
15、o readers.“,如在翻译贾平凹的闲人时,其中有一段谈到闲人同他的女朋友“就会同骑一辆车子招摇过市,姑娘分腿骑在后座上,腿长而圆象两个大白萝卜”。她说一般英语读者读到这里就会感到困惑,因为把腿比做“turnip”在英语里不是说腿好看,而是说特别难看(英国的turnip粗短,颜色为紫红色)。还有在把一个人的眼珠比作是“水仙花缸底的黑石子,上面汪着水,下面冷冷的没有表情”也使她觉得难以理解,因为在英国,水仙花是养在盆里种在土里的,而不是养在水里、有黑石子做衬的缸里的。她对学生说,直译的a daffodil vat/vase会使英语读者困惑不解。,Flaws in His Theory,Fro
16、m the examples above, we can see that both translators and translation teachers dont approve Venutis “resistant translation”. The fact is, western translators today still tend to regard “accuracy” and “fluency” as the standard of translation just like old times, and are in favor of target languages
17、that read well.,Flaws in His Theory,2. Domestication is not only the main stream translating method of culturally-strong countries, but a widespread one around the world. Anthony Pym points out that while Venuti advocates that the translation of works in English-speaking countries should use foreign
18、ization instead of domestication as translating method, the latter is also common in countries with less-spoken languages, like Brazil, Spain and France.,Conclusion,Such theory may bring about negative influence. If a translation fails to fulfill the demand of readers, few may bother to read through
19、 it. Unqualified translators will have excuse for their non-fluent translations.,翻译界直译(literal translation)与意译(liberal translation)之争,可谓由来已久。而归化(domesticating translation)与异化(foreignizing translation)之争,则是直译与意译之争的延伸。随着文化日益成为翻译的重心,归化异化孰优孰劣的争论声也越来越大。,In field of translation, there has long been a hot
20、debate over the proper translation strategy chosen for the transmission of cultural contents. The two major approaches are domestication and foreignization, which have been the focus of debate since their appearance. The debate on foreignization or domestication can be viewed as the extension of the
21、 debate on “literal translation” and “free translation”.,But most scholars hold that literal and free translation are limited on the level of content and form, when two languages are very similar in their structures, the issue of literal versus free translating may not seen to be so acute.,With the
22、development of the translation studies, plenty of translators and theorists have realized that translation is a far more complicated activity with various cultural, poetic, political as well as economic factors related to it. Therefore, foreignization and domestication are a pair of new translation
23、strategies which are more complex and extensive than literal translation and free translation method.,归 化 根据文努蒂的理论,翻译研究词典将归化定义为: 在翻译中采用透明、流畅(transparent, fluent style)的风格,最大限度淡化原文陌生感(strangeness)的翻译策略。,奈达将翻译中的文化因素分为五类,一:生态文化;二:语言文化;三:宗教文化;四:物质文化;五:社会文化。,奈达是归化论的代表人物。Dynamic equivalence and formal equ
24、ivalence are two terms for methods of translation coined by him.,white as snow(白如雪) 假如译入语没有snow(雪)这个概念,就可以用类似的表达法代替,如white as egret feathers(白如鹭毛),white as fungus(白如蘑菇)等,或者用非比喻形式直接说很白或非常白(very,very white)。,Wet Paint 直译为“湿油漆”。 但是汉语中一般不这么讲,所以采用奈达的理论就应该采用“油漆未干”的译法。,Dynamic equivalence and formal equiva
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