运用要素法解决理地问题遵义航天高级中学李义钊.ppt
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1、运用要素法解决地理问题 遵义航天高级中学 李义钊 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created wit
2、h Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 一、运用要素法描述、分析自然地理问题 地理高考备考一般分三块进行,即自然地理(自然地理环境) 、人文地理(人文地理环境)和区域地理(区域可持续发展) 。 自然地理环境由 气候、 水文、 土壤、 植被、 地形 五个要素组成。 E
3、valuation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3
4、.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1、自然环境整体性原理: 组成陆地环境的气候、水文等五个要素相互联系、相互制约和相 互渗透,构成地理环境的整体性。如图陆地环境各要素间的相互 关系 2、自然环境整体性的表现: 陆地环境各要素并不是孤立存在和发展的,而且作为整体的一部 份发展变化着。在景观上总是力求保持协调一致,
5、与环境的总体 特征相统一;组成陆地环境的某一要素的变化会导致其它素甚至 整个环境状态的改变。高考考查一般围绕五个要素展开。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluat
6、ion only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 例1:读贵州地形图描述贵州自然环境的特点(8分) 答: c、地形以高原、山地为主, 岩溶地貌广布; a、亚热带季风气候; b、亚热带常绿阔叶林 d、河流
7、众多,流量丰富,地 表水缺乏,地下水丰富。 e、黄壤为主(山区土层薄,肥 力低)。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation
8、only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 例2:运用地理环境整体性原理分析新疆地区自然环境的特点(15分) 答: a、组成陆地环境的气候、地形、水文、土壤、生物相互联系,相 互制约,相互渗透构成了陆地环境的整体性。 b、新疆地区由于距
9、海遥远,海洋水汽难以到达,形成干旱的大陆 性气候。 c、由于气候干旱,降水稀少,地表水贫乏,河流欠发育,且多为 内流河、湖。 d、由于气候干燥,流水作用微弱,但物理风化和风力作用显著, 形成大片的戈壁和沙漠。 e、气候干旱还导致植被稀少,土壤欠发育,有机质含量少。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyrig
10、ht 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 例3:亚马
11、逊地区热带雨林大量砍伐可能对当地带来哪些问题(9分) 答: a、热带雨林(乔木)大量砍伐,导致森林减少,生物多样性减 少(生物); b、热带雨林大量砍伐,水土流失加剧,土壤肥力下降(土壤) ;水土流失严重,河流含沙量增加(水文);淤塞河湖,水旱灾 害频繁; c、热带雨林的大量砍伐,光合作用减弱,大气中氧气含量下降 ,二气化碳比重上升(生物平衡功能下降),全球温室效应,气 温升高(大气、气候) Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Create
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13、004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 河流的特点一般从水文和水系两个角度来分析 水文要素及期影响因素 流量(大小) a、降水量的多少 b、流域面积大小 流量季节变化(大小) 河流的补给方式 流速(快慢) 地势落差大小 结冰期(有、(长、短)无) 最冷月均温 含沙量(大小) 植被覆盖率 汛期(长短) 雨季长短 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created
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15、4-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 例4:中国各地区河流主要的水文特征 河流名称水文特征 松花江冰期长;有春汛、夏(秋)汛两个汛期 黄河含沙量大;有冰期;汛期短 长沙汛期长;流量大 珠江汛期长;流量大 金沙江流速快;流量大 塔里木河季节性河流,流量季节变化大;汛期短 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for
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17、Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 水系要素及期影响因素(地形因素) 河长 陆地面积(大、小) 流向 地势特征 弯曲度 地形(地表形态) 河网密度(支流多少) 地形、降水量 河床形态 地形 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose
18、Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 例5: 读黄河水系图和长江水系图,比较长江上游金沙
19、江河段与黄河下游孟 津入海口河段突出水系特征的异同。并分析其形成的主要原因。(14分) 答: 不同点:金沙江河段河谷深切,为“V“形谷,黄河下游为地上河。 成因:金沙江河段地势落差大,水流急,流水侵蚀(下蚀)作用强;黄河下游水流缓慢 ,流水堆积作用显著。 相同点:流域面积狭小。 成因:金沙江河段两岸高山夹峙,支流难以汇入;黄河下游水为地上河,支流难以汇入 。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Sli
20、des for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose P
21、ty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 二、教学过程中充分融入时空要素,培 养学生地理思维品质,提高学生应考 时从复杂的图文材料中获取、提取信 息的能力。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copy
22、right 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 地理知识和能力的考查离不开三维要素 属 性要素:自然地理、气候、水文一、土
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