高一化学必修硅和二氧化硅课件.ppt
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1、 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 学习重点 掌握硅、二氧化硅的物理、化学性质,以 及硅与二氧化硅等相关反应方程式 学习难点 碳与硅化学性质的联系和区别以及硅酸的 制备。
2、Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 美国“硅谷”简介 硅谷位于旧金山东南的圣克拉拉 谷地,是一个由十几所大学和几千家高技 术公司组成的新兴工业区。这里是激光技 术、微处理机、
3、影像游艺机、家用计算机 、无线电话、袖珍计算机等新技术和高科 技产品的诞生地。是世界上最大的计算机 和电脑软件产地。因为制造电子元件的主 要材料是半导体硅,所以人们称这个工业 区为“硅谷”。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright
4、 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 返回 玛瑙 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Cre
5、ated with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1、你知道硅元素在地壳中排名第几吗?在自然 界中硅主要以什么形态存在? 以化合态的形式存在,硅的氧化物及其硅酸盐构成了地 壳的绝大部分(如岩石、沙子和土壤),占地壳质量的 90%以上, “统治了地壳” Eval
6、uation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. (1)硅的原子结构 硅和碳一样,其原子既不 易失去又不易得到电子, 主要形成四价的化合物. 2、请同学们比较硅和碳的核外电子 排布? +14 2
7、8 4 Si 2 4 +6 C 2、碳是构成有机物的主要元素 硅是构成岩石和许 多矿物的基本元素 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3、请同学们找出硅在元素周期表的位置?
8、硅位于金属与非金属的过度位置。晶体硅的导电性介 于导体和绝缘体之间,是良好的半导体材料 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 远古时期,人类就懂 得怎样应用硅的氧化物和 硅酸盐
9、来做玻璃、陶瓷等 。但是硅的单质直到18世 纪上半叶才被化学家制备 出来。为什么硅单质这么 晚才出现在人类生活? 硅单质的问世 硅是一种亲氧元素,在自然界中它总是与氧化合的 。所以在氧化氛围的地球上,硅以熔点高的氧化物和 硅酸盐的形式存在。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011
10、 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 网状结构,呈正四面体 结构决定性质 金刚石 硅晶体 硅的晶体结构 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011
11、Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅单质 存在形态 晶体 无定形 物理性质 晶体硅灰黑色、有金属光 泽,结构类似于金刚石;熔点 、沸点都很高,硬度大 导电性介于导体和绝缘体之间(半导体) 常温下硅单质的化学性质不活泼 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty L
12、td.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅的化学性质 常温下,硅的化学性质不活泼,除氟气、氢氟酸 和强碱外,硅不跟其他物质起反应(如氧气、氯 气、硫酸、硝酸等)。在加热条件下能与一些非 金属反应 Si+O2=SiO2 Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2 SiO3+2H2 Si+4HF=SiF4 + 2H2 高温 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides fo
13、r .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅单质的制备 硅单质的制备主要原材料二氧化硅(水晶、石 英以及沙石的主要成分)。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.
14、2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅的工业制法 1、在工业上,用碳在高温下还原二氧化硅 的方法制得粗硅。 SiO2 2C = Si(粗硅)2CO 与氯反应:Si 2Cl2 SiCl4(温度为 400 500) 高温 电炉 2、粗硅制纯硅: 生成的SiCl4液体通过蒸馏,除去其中的杂质。然后用氢气还原 SiCl4 + 2H2 = Si + 4HCl Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for
15、.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 制造集成电路、晶体管、硅整流器等半导体 器件,还可以制成太阳能电池,可制成有良好导 磁性、耐酸性的合金。 半导体晶体管及芯片的 出现,促进了信息技术革命. (4)硅的用途 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with A
16、spose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 计算机芯片 硅的用途 信息技术材料 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Cr
17、eated with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅太阳能电池 单晶硅电池组 硅的用途 新型能源 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client
18、Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 太 阳 能 汽 车 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyrig
19、ht 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 天然SiO2 结晶形 无定形硅藻土 石英 水晶 玛瑙 二、二氧化硅(硅是亲氧元素 ) (1)SiO2存在 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Asp
20、ose Pty Ltd. 正四面体 (2)晶体结构 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. SiOSiO 2 2 四面体立体网状结构的晶体四面体立体网状结构的晶体 物理性质:物理
21、性质: 化学性质:化学性质: 猜测性质 硬度大,熔点高的固体硬度大,熔点高的固体 不溶于水,纯净的不溶于水,纯净的SiOSiO 2 2 晶体无色透明晶体无色透明 稳定性好,不活泼稳定性好,不活泼 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyrig
22、ht 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. SiO2 主要 用途 色态 熔点 沸点 硬度 用途、物理性质比较 无色透明晶体或白色粉末 高(1723) 高(2230) 大 制备光纤、石英钟表、光学 仪器、普通玻璃、装饰品等 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 As
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