翻译汉译英课件翻译文本Translationoftexts.ppt
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1、Translation of Texts,Teaching Plan,Teaching Contents: 1. An introduction to the characteristics of Chinese text and English text 2. Structural Comparison of C-paragraphs and E-paragraphs 3. Cohesion techniques in one paragraph: replacement and repetition, omission, transition methods, logic relation
2、ship, time relationship, space Relationship 4. Cohesion techniques in one text: replacement and repetition, omission, transition methods, logic relationship, time relationship, space Relationship,Teaching Plan,Teaching Aims: To make students get the general idea about the characteristics of Chinese
3、text and English text To make students know how to choose right cohesion techniques in one paragraph or in one text in translation Teaching Focus: The cohesion techniques in a paragraph The cohesion techniques in a text Teaching Methods: teacher-oriented lecturing Discussion (group work, then class
4、work) Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures:,I. Chinese Text vs. English Text,English text: 开门见山,直奔主题 章法:introduction body conclusion,Chinese text: 迂回曲折,委婉含蓄。 章法:起承转合,What is TEXT?,篇章(text)是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中,特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合,而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。(陈宏薇) 篇章翻译是指
5、高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。(王治奎),语篇指不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整意义的自然语言。它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积,而是一些意义相联系的句子为达到一定交际亩的,通过各种衔接手段而实现的有机结合。因此语篇衔接手段自然成为篇章研究的重要对象之一。 衔接性和连贯性是篇章最重要的特征。衔接和连贯是当前篇章语言学(textual linguistics)和话语分析(discourse analysis)研究的重点和热点。,II. Structural Comparison of C-paragraphs and E-paragraphs,E-p
6、aragraphs,例证方式展开,Many examples of a connection between “right” and “straight” can be found. In Mexican Spanish you indicate straight (ahead) by saying “right right”; in Black American English, “right on” is an expression of approval, often for a sentiment eloquently or deftly phrased. “Straight” mea
7、ning conventional, “correct” or “proper” is a commonplace in colloquial English today. In Russian, right is “prava”, a cognate of “pravda”, which means “true”. And in many languages “true” has the additional meaning of “straight” or “accurate”, as in “his aim was true”.,Structural Comparison of C-pa
8、ragraphs and E-paragraphs,C-paragraphs 主题句不明显 段尾可引出新主题,英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似时,一般可以采用“临摹”的办法,按照源语的发展思路,在译语种复制或基本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法称作“逻辑顺组” (logic copying)。 由于汉英在语言结构,语篇衔接模式,逻辑层次等方面存在广泛的差异,汉译互译时往往需要进行 “逻辑重组” (logic reshuffling),现在的写作已不再是一些专门家的事情,而是越来越社会化、生活化,这当然很好。“作家”如今更多地被赋予职业的意义,它标明的仅仅是一个职业而已。只要是写了一点作品、或
9、者有这个努力和爱好的,都被他视和自视为“作家”。与其他行当和职业不同,如从来没有把股长或科长厅长说成是政治家,也没有把一个在部队干的人叫成军事家。作家在职业的意义上被如此轻浮地界定,事出有因。所以现在,妓女、商人、政客、主持人、艺人、杀人犯、道德家,无论各行各业的人都可以因为自己的理由去写作,并产生卖点,成为“名作家”。从商品社会里看,这很正常。美国一个杀人犯,出来后把杀人的过程写出来,畅销并已致富。原来此刻一切都是为了卖,能卖即是成功。 张炜:精神的背景消费时代的写作和出版 年月在烟台出版咨询年会上的发言,II. Structural Comparison of C-text and E-t
10、ext,E-text 主题-段落 (层层递进;直线展开),C-text: 不同层面,同一论点, (螺旋形上升),English Text,Intercultural communication is an interdisciplinary field of study which incorporates research from disciplines such as social psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, socio-linguistics, and, of course, communication. One of t
11、he most important areas of research addressed by intercultural scholars is how misunderstandings can be minimized when people communicate with others from different cultures.,First, context is very important to understanding intercultural communication. There are two ways individuals use context in
12、communication: one is low-context and the other is high-context.,Low-context communication is like a computer program; everything must be specified in the coded message or the computer program will not run. In a low-context culture like the United States, individuals must express themselves as expli
13、citly as possible for effective communication to occur. high-context communication, in contrast, is like communication between twins who were raised together. Twins intuitively understand each other and use shortened sentences and words when they talk.,Chinese version,不同文化之间的交流是一门跨学科的研究科目,它综合研究社会心理学
14、、社会学、人文人类学、社会语言学以及传播学等学科。研究不同文化之间交流的学问,最重要的研究课题之一就是不同文化背景的人交往的时候,如何尽可能减少误解。 首先,了解背景情况对不同文化之间的交流非常重要。人与人之间的交往有两种情况:一种是外向的,另一种是含蓄的。,Chinese version,外向的就象是计算机的程序,一切都按照编好的程序进行,否则就运转不了。美国的文化是外向型的,美国人表达自己思想的时候尽可能简单明了,以有利于传播或交流。与此相反的是同含蓄的人交流,这种交流就象是在一起的孪生兄弟姐妹之间的交往。因为他们心领神会,谈话时只需简短的句子和言词。,Chinese text,近二十年来
15、,随着世界的窗口日益打开,各种熏风长驱直入。成长在五四之后的几代人没有国学根柢,在激烈的吹摇下很容易连根拔脱。整整几代人进入了精神游移期,他们已没有方位感,没有立足点。如果说五四以后接受了一些西方文化,那也仅是只鳞片爪,更谈不上什么根基。我们知道西方的基督教文化是同样丰厚的、西方文明的资源也是同样复杂的。就是说,五四以后,在文化上我们两头都不着边际,无论是西方的还是中国传统的,整整一代或两代人都所知甚少。这里真正是割裂的一代、断开的一代。,Chinese text,我们既无力判断自己漫长的历史,也无力判断这短短的二十年。因为我们没有自己的文化标准,只能怀疑一切,否定一切,同时又向往一切。盲从将
16、是不可避免的。在这几十年里,精神的发展和演变缺乏一个循序渐进的过程,这是在其他民族其他时期很难找到的一个现象。特别是这二十年来,我们有过多少莽撞的否定、没有根据的怀疑,以及莫名其妙的向往。我们完全没有建立起自己的传统和标准,没有一个前进的轨迹,更没有一个过程。最起码有两代人,好像一下子就给推到荒漠里去了,精神的自我生存能力和更新能力都很差。 所以我们只能彷徨。既然没有基础、没有方位、没有立场,那么我们还能到哪里去? -张炜,III. Cohesion and coherence (衔接与连贯) in one paragraph,衔接是篇章的有形网络 连贯是篇章的无形网络。 Cohesive t
17、ies 衔接手段 Cohesion markers 连贯标记 Halliday & Hasan 在Cohesion in English 中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类: 照应 reference 替代 substitution 省略 ellipsis 连接 conjunction 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion,另一种分类法:陈宏薇,I. 指称衔接(照应) co-reference anaphora II. 结构衔接 structural cohesion III. 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion IV. 语音衔接 phonetic cohesion,I. 指称衔接,按
18、指称范围分: 1. 语外照应(外指)exophoric reference 2. 语内照应 (内指)endophoric reference 1)前照应(回指)anaphoric reference 2)后照应(下指)cataphoric reference,Examples,张明是我的朋友。(外指,张明存在于客观世界之中) 张明是我的一个朋友。他是西安人。(内指,“他”回指“张明”) 他在那边!张明。(内指,“他”下指“张明”) (言者手指一件教具)那是你做的吗? 这件事我不清楚,我不知道他是否参加了那次会议。(内指) 他参加了那次会议? 这我不清楚。 (内指),按指称手段分: 1. 人称照
19、应 2. 指示照应 3. 比较照应,人称照应,人称照应是通过人称代词(如 they, she, him 等)、所属限定词(如his, your, its 等),和所属代词(hers, theirs, mine 等)来实现。 英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。,孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大;青白脸色,皱纹间时常夹些伤痕;一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫,可是又脏又破,似乎十多年没有补,也没有洗。(孔乙己) Kong was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine standing. He was a
20、big man, strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his face. He had a large unkept beard, streaked with white. Although he wore a long gown, it was dirty and tattered, and looked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years. (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang),每年农
21、历十二月二十以后,海岛上的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先搞卫生,掸去一年尘土。接着准备食品,做年糕,炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起,家家户户开始“谢年”:祀祖先。,Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month, inhabitants on the island would start their countdown on the Spring Festival. They would sweep their houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture
22、. After that they begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th of the month, households start their “New Year Thanks-giving” rites to pay homage to their ancestors.,那年冬天, 祖母死了,父亲的差使也交卸了,正是祸不单行的日子,我从北京到徐州,打
23、算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲,看见满院狼藉的东西,又想起祖母,不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。父亲说:“事已如此,不必难过,好在天无绝人之路!” (朱自清 背影) In that winter, my grandma died and my father lost his job. I left for Xuzhou to join him in hastening home to attend my grandmas funeral. When I met him in Xuzhou, the sight of disorderly mess in our courtyard and the th
24、ought to my grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. He said, “Now that things have come to such a mess, its no use crying. Fortunately, heaven always leaves one a way out.” (张培基 译),指示照应,指示照应指说话人通过指明事物在时间和空间上的远近(proximity)来确定所指对象。 王治奎(270页):“汉语的这和那以及英语中的this和that 都常用于指示照应粘连,在语义上基本相同,但指称功能却大不一
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