考研资料:北京大学细胞生物学第十三章细胞凋亡与衰老.ppt
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1、Chapter 13,Cell apoptosis,Extracellular cotrol of cell division, cell growth, and apoptosis,Mitogens stimulate G1-Cdk and G1/S-Cdk activities,PRIZED Horvitz, and Sulston share Physiology or Medicine Nobel (2002) “for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed
2、 cell death”,1090 131= 959(cells),机体结构,细胞增殖,细胞分化,细胞凋亡,细胞信号转导,染色体,(DNA与蛋白质的相互作用),衰老,A simplified model of one way that mitogens stimulate cell division,Human cells have a built-in limitation on the number of times they can divide,The cell division is cotrolled not only by extracellular mitogens but a
3、lso by intracellular mechanisms that can limit cell proliferation.,Cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis induced by excessive stimulation of mitogenic pathways.,Extracellular growth factors stimulate cell growth,Activation of cell-surface receptors,Activation of PI 3-kinase,Activation of elF4E (translation
4、 initiation factor) and S6 kinase(phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6),Increasing protein synthesis and cell growth,2.Apoptosis, Programmed cell death,Biological functions of apoptosis, In development, homeostasis, tumor surveillance, and the function of the immune system.,细胞凋亡是多细胞生物在发育过程中,一种由基因控制的主
5、动的细胞生理性自杀行为。,Morphological and biochemical characteristics of apoptosis, Morphologi changes: Early : Chromosome condensation, cell body shrink Later : Blebbing and Nucleus and cytoplasm fragment Apoptotic bodies At last: Phagocytosed,A、Normal cell,B、Apoptosis: Apoptotic bodies, Biochemical character
6、istics of apoptosis :,Apoptosis induced by Cyto C Lane 10 h 21 h 32 h 43 h 54 h 6Control 7Marker,2.0kbp,1.0,0.5,0.2,180200bp DNA ladder, Accumulation of tTG, PS flip-flop,Contrast ofApoptosis and necrosis,Apoptosis,Necrosis,Death by apoptosis is a neat, orderly process,3.Molecular mechanisms of apop
7、tosis,Early researches (MIT: Robert Horrid , 1986),C. elegans:1090 cells, The Finding of CED3 mutant Without losing any of their cells to apoptosis. CED3 gene play a crucial role in the process of apoptosis.,C elegans: a millimeter long, transparent body only a few cell types, from zygote to mature
8、adult only in 3.5days.,131 cells death.,线虫体细胞凋亡研究:PCD相关基因15个,分为四组: 1、与PCD有关的基因,负责PCD控制:ced-3、ced-4和ced-9。 2、与PCD过程吞噬作用有关:ced-1、ced-2、ced-5-8 和 ced-10。 3、核酸酶基因(nuc-1), 控制DNA降解,但非PCD所必须。 4、影响特异细胞类型PCD的基因:ces-1、ces-2、cgl-1、和 her-1. 保守性高,在哺乳动物中有相应同源物: Ced-3=ICE, Ced-4=Apaf-1, Ced-9=Bcl-2.,Mammalian: CED
9、3 is related to mammalian interleukin- 1converting enzyme (ICE or caspase-1),Apoptosis is carried out by a proteolytic system caspase,(1) Why called caspase?,Active site: Cysteine Cleavage site: Asparatic acid,Cysteine Asparatic acid specific protease,Aps-Xxx,天冬氨酸特异性的半光氨酸蛋白水解酶,Apoptosis can be divid
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