ScientificWritingPPT课件.ppt
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1、1,Scientific Writing,2,“A naturalists life would be a happy one if he had only to observe and never to write.” Charles Darwin,3,Outline,Session 1: Elements of Scientific Writing Session 2: How to Write a Manuscript Session 3: Publication Practices & Ethics Session 4: Common Problem Areas Session 5:
2、How to Publish (Western Journal) Sessions 6 & 7: Critiques of your writing Session 8: Questions & Review,4,Session 1: Topics,What is scientific writing? How does it differ from writing in general? Grammar & other writing essentials Plain language Reference Books,5,What is scientific writing?,How doe
3、s it differ from other writing?,6,Not poetic or flowery More direct and to the point Passive voice (NO) Wordy (doesnt need to be) More precise,7,Our goal is to make scientific writing readable and easy to understand,8,Grammar & Other Writing Essentials,9,Sentence,Consists of subject, verb, and objec
4、t Keep subject and verb close together! Serologic studies have shown that primary infection usually occurs during childhood. Each sentence should make a single point 20-22 words per sentence,10,What the reader expects in a sentence,Main action of the sentence is expressed in the main verb Subject is
5、 the agent of the action (if the agent is important) Sentence tells a story In this report, we describe a systematic study of the role of immunodeficiency in BKV and JCV viruria.,11,Subject is at the beginning of the sentence, unless there is a dependent clause. In which case, subject will immediate
6、ly follow the clause Aside from the kinase domain and phosphorylation sites, virtually nothing is known about structure-function relationships in the enzyme. Verb immediately follows the subject,12,Positions in the Sentence,Topic position is at the beginning of the sentence. Contains old information
7、 Links us backward Stress position should be at end of the sentence. Point of closure Receives special emphasis New information,13,In other words:,The beginning of the sentence (topic position) will either look forward to the rest (i.e., offer context) or will look backward (i.e., provide linkage).
8、The end of the sentence (stress position) will contain the new, important information.,14,Digestion of archetype virus should give a radiolabeled SacI fragment of 129 bp and a radiolabeled SphI fragment of 175 bp.,15,Which are topic and stress positions?,Digestion of archetype virus should give a ra
9、diolabeled SacI fragment of 129 bp and a radiolabeled SphI fragment of 175 bp.,16,Voice: active vs passive,Active voice: when subject performs the action of the verb Passive voice: when subject undergoes the action of the verb Usually consists of part of verb “to be” and past participle of verb,17,P
10、assive voice,Makes sentences more wordy & complicated Used to be recommended for scientific writing NOT ANY MORE! Use when agent is not important Cells were cultured in DME Does not matter who cultured them!,18,Active voice,Adds action to the sentence Adds interest Makes sentences shorter We analyze
11、d,19,Convert passive to active,Look for buried verbs hidden in words that end in -ion A careful inspection of the esophageal mucosa is performed as the endoscope is withdrawn. The physician inspects the esophageal mucosa as the endoscope is withdrawn.,20,Two of the most common errors made in scienti
12、fic writing.,Subject-verb disagreement Dangling participles,21,Subject-Verb Disagreement,Problem: easy to forget what the subject is (singular or plural) when we use long strings of phrases to modify it Solution: read the sentence, omitting the modifying phrases, so that subject and verb are togethe
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