D 2791 – 93 R01 ;RDI3OTE_.doc
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2、 93 (Reapproved 2001)An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forContinuous Determination of Sodium in Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2791; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
3、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the continuous determination of trace amounts of sodium in water using an ion-selec
4、tive electrode and flame photometry. Two test methods are in- cluded:D 1192 Specification for Equipment and Sampling Waterand Steam in Closed Conduits3D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water3D 1293 Test Methods for pH of Water3D 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of3SectionsTest Me
5、thod AIon-Selective Electrode8 to 16Test Method BFlame Photometry17 to 261.2 Test Method A is based on continuous application of the sodium ion electrode as reported in the technical literature(1-3). 2 It is generally applicable over the range of 0.05 to10 000 g/L.1.3 Test Method B is based on the u
6、se of flame photometry.It is most applicable to measurements below 20 g/L. Com- pared with Test Method A, it is less vulnerable to interference from other monovalent cations at low concentrations and can reach equilibrium with very low sample throughput.1.4 The analyst should be aware that adequate
7、collaborative data for precision and bias statements as required by Practice D 2777 are not provided. See Sections 16 and 26 for details.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not pur
8、port to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Secti
9、on 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1066 Practice for Sampling Steam3D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water31 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 onWater and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling ofApplicable Methods of Committee
10、D-19 on WaterD 3864 Guide for Continual On-Line Monitoring Systems for Water Analysis33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D 1129.4. Significance and Use4.1 Sodium is a pervasive contaminant and the first cation to break through deion
11、ization equipment. These test methods allow measurements of micrograms per litre (parts per billion) concentrations of sodium in water for monitoring low-sodium water sources for indications of contamination or proper operation. Applications include monitoring of demineralizer system performance and
12、 power plant boiler carryover and condenser leakage.4.2 These test methods are more sensitive and selective than conductivity measurements on high purity samples.5. Reagents and Materials5.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is inten
13、ded that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit- tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society.4In many instances, reagent grade chemicals contain higher levels of sodium contamination than are compatible with these test methods. It must be ascertained that the
14、reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.5.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indicated, refer- ences to water shall be understood to mean reagent waterWater and Water-Formed Deposits, Surveillance of Water, and Flow Measurement of
15、Water.Current edition approved April 15, 1993. Published June 1993. Originally published as D 2791 69T. Last previous edition D 2791 87.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthese test methods.3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.4 Reagent Chemicals
16、, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National
17、Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1D 2791 93 (2001)conforming to Specification D 119
18、3, Type I. In addition, thesodium or potassium content shall not exceed 10 g/L (10 ppb) or 1 % of the lowest concentration to be determined, whichever is lower.5.2.1 Single-distilled water passed through a mixed bed deionizing unit composed of strong cation and anion resins can produce an effluent c
19、ontaining less than 1.0 g/L (1.0 ppb) of sodium. If such water is stored in a closed alkali metal-freecontainer, such as one made of polyethylene, TFE- fluorocarbon, or stainless steel, subsequent increases in con- ductivity, usually due to absorption of carbon dioxide, will not invalidate its use f
20、or this purpose.6. Hazards6.1 Test Method A pH adjusting reagents are strongly alkaline and volatile. Use normal eye and skin protection when handling ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, dimethylamine, diisopropylamine, monoethylamine, or morpholine. Extra care is needed in handling the gas-permeable tubin
21、g immersed in liquid reagents used with the passive diffusion reagent delivery system. Keep reagents in the open wherever possible and take necessary precautions to keep them from the respiratory tract in event of a spill or leak. Under certain conditions these reagents can produce an explosive mixt
22、ure with air. OSHA standardsmust be followed.6.2 Test Method B:6.2.1 Use normal safety precautions in handling hydrogen and oxygen gas.6.2.2 Use extreme care to avoid contact of skin with the extremely hot oxy-hydrogen flame as instant third-degree burns would result.6.2.3 For unattended operation o
23、f flame photometer, provide means to ensure that flame gases are shut off quickly and automatically if the flame should be extinguished for any reason.7. Sampling7.1 Sample the water for continuous sodium ion measure- ments in a flowing stream in accordance with Practice D 1066, Specification D 1192
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