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1、 单车的建模 Chen Lizra: 建模 渲染 Daniel Ljunggren: 教程撰写 K 翻译整理这部教程包括了给上面的山地车建模的每一个步骤。当你用Rhinoceros做完这些步骤的时候,你将学会很多在建立详细的模型所必需的建模技巧。为了加快学习的速度,教材中所要用到的曲线都已经包含在the Secrets of Rhinoceros 的CD-ROM里了,还有最后你建立的.3dm文件以及在中间过程中的一些文件。建议用一天的时间来完成这个教程。-01.mht over-Load the scene Curves1.3dm from the CD-ROM. This file cont
2、ains the curves necessary to create the frames of the bike.You will be starting with the back frames of the bike. In the Front viewport,hold down left button mouse and drag a rectangle as shown below. This selects the curves within that area.从光盘上打开Curves1.3dm的场景,这个文件包含了一些单车中必需的曲线和帧。你将从单车后面的一些帧开始。在主视
3、图中,点击并拖动鼠标左键,像上图一样拉出一个矩形。选中区域中的这些曲线。To make a surface out of these curves, go to Surface/Loft in the Menu panel. There are several options to how the surface will be lofted. Use the settings shown below. The Closed loft box makes the surface go all the way back to the beginning curve, making the sur
4、face closed.要从这些曲线中放样出一个面,在菜单中选择 Surface/loft, 有几个关于平面如何形成的选项。选择下面的设置“Closed loft”选项将使平面回到起始曲线,使平面闭合。Select the curves shown below, and repeat this step with these curves to loft the second rear frame.选择下面的曲线,并按照上面的步骤制作后面的帧。-02.mht over-Select the curves shown below, using Shift-LMB (left mouse butt
5、on) to click for multiple selections.选择下面的曲线,可以在按往Shift的同时用鼠标左键进行多选。Then go Surface/Sweep 1 Rail in the Menu to see the options. Rhinoceros often selects what curve would be the rail / profile curve, which makes the modeling process very fast. Use the default settings.Repeat this function with the c
6、urves shown in the 5 figures below:然后,到菜单中的Surface/Sweep 1 Rail看一下设置。Rhinoceros 经常会选择rail / profile曲线,这会使建模的过程更快。建议使用默认设置。重复下面五幅图中对曲线的操作。-03.mht over-Without any curves selected, go to Surface/Sweep 1 Rail. Rhinoceros will ask you to pick the rail curve. Pick it as labeled below.在不选中任何曲线的情况下,进行1 rai
7、l扫描.Rhinoceros会让你选择曲线,如下图进行选择。Next, select the profile curve. NOTE: The reason that you cannot select both curves prior to theSweep 1 Rail command, is that the profile curve (due to its shape) could be like a rail, and Rhino then couldnt tell which was which.As you can see, the resulting surface is
8、quite dense compared with the other frames. Instead of using the default settings, use the Rebuild option as seen below. This makes the surface less dense, but still smooth.然后,选择轮廓曲线。注意:不能在扫描之前选择的原因是由于,轮廓曲线的型状可能和轨迹线不多,Rhino不能自动将它们分开。就像你所看到的,得到的平面比其它的帧要密集的多。你可以下面使用设置Rebuild的方法,来代替默认选项。这样,可以减少平面的密集程度,
9、而且可以使之更光滑。-04.mht over-Model the handlebars by selecting the curves (below), and do a Sweep 1 Rail, with default settings.在默认状态下,选中以下的曲线建模,做一次1 rail 扫描。Youll still have to make the frame supporting the front wheel. The curves selected in the figure below are the ones you will loft. Here you need to
10、select each profile in the order numbered below after you start the loft command.同时,你要做出车前叉支架的帧。下面图中选中的曲线是你要进行放样(loft)的。在你开始放样命令后,你需要按照数字的次序来选择轮廓。Use the Tight style in the Loft options, as shown below.在放样设置中选择Tight式样,如下图。-05.mht over-In order to Mirror the two rear frames, the first thing to do is
11、activate the Object Snap Cen in the osnap dialog box shown below. This will make the pointer snap to the center of surfaces close by.在给后面的两帧做镜像之前,你需要先激活下图OSPNAP对话框中,Object Snap中的Cen。这个操作可以使你直接选取到附近平面的中心点。In the Top viewport, select the rear frames and start the Mirror command. Snap to the center of
12、any of the surrounding frames, then hold Shift (for straight lines) and drag to the left, and click the left mouse button.Now would be a good time to organize your work with layers. Layers are used in order to provide better control over the objects in the scene, as well as to accelerate your displa
13、y by optionally turning off unneeded layers.Because the curves wont be of use any longer, it would be good idea to move them to an inactive layer.Go to Edit/Layers/Edit. The Edit Layers panel is displayed, as shown below. Click the New button, and name the new layer Curves-1. Select Off to have them
14、 invisible in the viewports, and click OK.在俯视图上,选择后面的帧,开始做镜像,选取周围帧的中心,按住Shift,向左拖,然后击左键。现在你可以进行层的设置了。设置层可以使你更好的控制场景中的物体,还可以通过关闭无用的层来加快显示速度。如果暂时不会用到某些曲线,可以把它们放到非激活的图层里。选择 Edit/Layers/Edit.中的Edit Layers如下图。点击New,并给新层起名为Curves-1,选择关闭,可以使它们在视图中不可见,选确定。Your model should now look similar to the sample fil
15、e Bike1.3dm. Be sure to save your work before continuing.你所完成的模型应该和例子中的Bike1.3dm差不多,在进行下一步工作前记得存盘。 -06.mht over-Choose File/Import/Merge and select Curves2.3dm. The curves come with a new layer called Curves-2which has another color. Go into Layer Control and turn off the Frames layer.选择File/Import/
16、Merge中的 Curves2.3dm. 选择另一种颜色建立一个新层 Curves-2在层设置中关闭 Frames层。Start with modeling the back wheel. Select the 2 curves seen below.开始建立后轮,选择如下图的两条线。Make a Sweep 1 Rail, using the default options. Do the same with the curves shown below to create the tire. Repeat these steps for the front wheel as well.用默
17、认设置进行 1 Rail扫描。对下图中的曲线进行同样的操作,可以做出一个轮胎。重复以上步骤做出前轮。-07.mht over-Select the curves shown below and loft these to create the rear rack.选择下列曲线,放样,完成后架。Use these options: 使用设置:Zoom in on the area where the screws are positioned.放大螺钉所在的区域。Select one of the screws, and go to Surface/Revolve. Use Object Sna
18、p End (right)when you select the Start and End of the revolve axis, as shown below.选中一个螺钉,选择 Surface/Revolve.使用目标中的 End (如右图)然后,选择旋转轴的起点和终点,如下图。Use the default settings in the Revolve Options panel. Repeat this step with the other screw curve.Select the curves shown below and make a Sweep 1 Rail to
19、create the bolt. Repeat for the other screw bolt.在 Revolve Options控制面板中使用默认设置。对其它螺钉进行重复以上步骤。选择下图中曲线进行1 rail扫描来建立螺栓。对其它螺钉重复以上步骤。Set the Object Snap to Mid and uncheck the End snap. This makes the pointer snap to the middle of surfaces nearby. Select both screws and bolts and go Transform/Mirror. Move
20、 the pointer close to the area shown below so it snaps to the middle of the package holder, press LMB then hold Shift and drag the pointer straight in any horizontal direction. Make sure it doesnt snap to anything. Press LMB again to finish.将目标捕捉设为中点,取消端点设置。这可以使你直接选中附近面的中故作多情。选中螺钉螺柱,进行 Transform/Mir
21、ror将鼠标指针移到下图所示区域附近,可以捕捉到支架的中点。点左键然后按住Shift,拖动鼠标在水平方面拖动,确定你捕捉到的点。然后再点左键完成操作。Select the curves shown below, and go Surface/Sweep 2 Rails. Use the default options.选择下列曲线,进行 2 Rail 扫描。使用默认设置。-08.mht over-To construct the saddle, deselect all and use Surface/Loft. The figure below shows in what order the
22、 first half of the curves should be lofted, and when you continue selecting the curves on the upper half of the image, the order is mirrored.建立车座的模型,首先要清除当前所有选中的物体,然后选择Surface/Loft。下图向你展示的是将要放样的一半曲线顺序是如何确定的。当你继续选中图中上半部分的曲线时,顺序也会被镜像。To make the screws under the saddle, select the curve shown below.选择
23、下图中的曲线来制作车座下的螺钉。When done, go Surface/Revolve, and while using the Object Snap End, make the cursor snap the right end of the curve and hit LMB, hold Shift and drag to the left and hit LMB to finish the revolve process.然后选择Surface/Revolve,使用图像捕捉端点,选择右侧端点,点击左键,按Shift向左拖,点击左键结束旋转过程。Select the curve sh
24、own below, and go Solid/Pipe. Rhinoceros asks for the Starting and End radius, type in 0.15 in the command line and hit Enter for the starting radius, then just hit Enter again as Rhinoceros remembers the value. If you want the End radius to be different from the Starting radius, type in another num
25、ber.选择下图中的曲线,选择Solid/Pipe,会出现询问半径的值,在命令行输入0.15,并回车确定,再次输入回车使用上次的默认值。如果你想使起点和终点的半径不同,可以输入其它的值。Now you have a good idea of what direction the screw should point to. Go Transform/Rotate andwhen Rhinoceros asks for Center of rotation, hit LMB at point 1 as shown in the figure below.现在你要选择螺钉的方向,选择Transfo
26、rm/Rotate,要求输入旋转中心,用左键点击下图中1的位置。At Angle or first reference point, set the pointer at point 2. Then rotate the screw up so the rotation line lines up with the pipe you created in the previous step. Repeat this step in the Front viewport so the screw lines up with the pipe from that view as well. The
27、n move the screw so it looks like it is attached to the pipe as shown below. (You need to move it in the Front viewport as well.)要求输入Angle or first reference point时,点击点2。然后旋转螺钉,旋转线和你在上文中做出的线一致。在主视图中重复以上步骤,完成螺钉所有的曲线。然后如下图所示,移动螺钉。建议在主视图中移动。Use the Object Snap Mid, and when the screw is selected in the
28、 Top viewport, mirror it to the other side as shown below.捕捉中点,在俯视图中选中螺丝钉,如下图向另一侧镜像。Select the curves shown below (there are two curves in the middle, so make sure both curves are selected).Then loft these together with the Closed option.选择下图中曲线(中间有两条曲线,要确定两条都被选中,然后选择闭合选项将两条曲线同时进行放样)Loft the curves
29、selected below with the order middle-top-bottom curve. NOTE: To set the order of the loft, you must start the loft command with everything deselected.按照中间-上方-底部的顺序,对下图中选中的曲线进行放样。注意:要确定放样的顺序,你必须取消所有的选定后,才可以开始放样)Hit Enter when Rhinoceros asks for the direction of the curves. Use the options shown belo
30、w.当询问曲线方向时,用下图的设置回车继续。Make the screw under the saddle with a revolve. As usual, use Object Snap End.设置目标捕捉“端点”,对车座下的螺丝进行旋转。Select the curves shown below, and do a Sweep 2 Rails. Use the default options.选择下图中的曲线,用默认设置进行2 rail扫描。As you can see, only half of the rail is swept, because the sweep starts
31、from middle, where the profile curve is positioned. Select the surface and mirror it in the Top viewport as shown below. NOTE: Object Snap Near would be appropriate to use here.就像你看到的,只有一半轨迹被扫描,因为是从轮廓曲线中点的位置开始的,选择面,然后在俯视图中进行镜像,如下图。注意:可以适当使用目标捕捉“邻近点”的选项。Finally, go Surface/Edit Tools/Merge and select
32、 both surfaces to merge them into one.最后,选择Surface/Edit Tools/Merge选择两个面合并成一个。-09.mht over-To build the lock, zoom in on the curves shown below. This time you need to pick the order of the loft aswell.Deselect all and then go Surface/Loft, then in the Front viewport pick the top curve, one of the mi
33、ddle curves,the bottom curve and the other middle curve and hit Enter. Use the Closed option.构造锁的模型,先按下图缩放视图。仍然要选择放样的顺序,清除所有选中的物体,然后进行放样。在主视图中选择上面的曲线中间的一条曲线,下面的一条曲线和中间的另一条曲线,然后回车,选择闭合的设置。Select the curves shown below, and loft these together with the Closed option. Do the same with the curves in the
34、 lower end of the lock.选择下图的曲线,用闭合设置一起进行放样。用同样的设置对锁下面端点的曲线进行放样。Finally, go to and select the three surfaces shown below.最后,在Edit/Join中选中下面图中的三个面。Select the curves shown below, and make a Sweep 1 Rail with the default options. Repeat this step with the other end of the lock part.选择下面的曲线,用默认设置做1 Rail扫
35、描。对锁的其它端点重复以上步骤。Select the curve shown below and make a Revolve.选择下面曲线进行旋转。Select the curves shown below and make a Sweep 2 Rails.选择下面的曲线做2 rail扫描。This time you need to use the Maintain height option as seen below.现在你要如下图所示用Maintain height 设置。There are three screw curves that need to be revolved. Th
36、e figure below shows the vertical screw curve the way it should revolve (the surface created in the previous step is frozen (Edit/Visibility/Lock)making it easier to see the curves used in this step). Repeat with the two other curves.有三个螺钉需要进行旋转,下图向你展示的是垂直螺钉曲线应该进行旋转的方法。(前几步建立的面已在Edit/Visibility/Lock
37、中冻结,可以使下面的步骤更容易做)。对另两个重复以上步骤。Select the curves shown below, and make a Sweep 1 Rail with default options. When done goSolid/Cap Planar Holes to make lids at the openings of the surface.选择下图中曲线,用默认设置做1 Rail扫描,然后在Solid/Cap Planar Holes中对平面的开口做lids Select the curve below and go to Surface/Patch.选择曲线,并选
38、择Surface/PatchUse these settings: 使用设置如下:-10.mht over-To start making the crank area, Loft all five curves below:要开始手柄的制做,先将下图中五条曲线放样。Also loft the eight curves shown below. For the latter loft, use the Closed option.还要将下图中8条曲线放样,对于后面的放样,要用闭合选项。Revolve the curve shown below:如下图对曲线旋转:Deselect all, an
39、d go Surface/Sweep 2 Rails. Select the rail curves, and then the cross-section curves, as shown below.消除所有选择,然后到Surface/Sweep 2 Rails选择轨迹曲线段和交叉曲线,如下图。Use the default options. Since the open holes in this surface arent planar, you should patch the cross-section curves. Select one cross-section curve,
40、 and go Surface/Patch.用默认设置,如果面上的孔不平,应该修补交叉曲线。选择一条交叉曲线,选择Surface/Patch.Use these settings: 使用设置如图:Finally, join together the surface with the patch lids on both sides.最后用盖子在两侧将面连结在一起。Select the curves shown below, and do a Sweep 1 Rail. Cap the surface.选择下图中曲线,做1 rail扫描,选择平面。If Rhinoceros only caps
41、one end, repeat the capping. Join them all together. Make a Sweep 1 Rail with the curves shown below.如果只选中了一端,重复选择另一端,将其连结在一起。对下图曲线做1 rail扫描。Go Surface/Rail revolve, and select the profile curve followed by the path curve shown below. Use Object Snap End while setting the start and end of the revolv
42、e axis.做Surface/Rail 旋转,按照下图选择轮廓曲线。在设置旋转轴的两点时,设置捕捉端点。Select the three curves shown below and do a Sweep 2 Rails with default options. The pedal and its components are finished.选择下图中的三条曲线,用默认设置做2 rail扫描。完成脚蹬及其组件。In the Top viewport, mirror the pedal surfaces using Object Snap Mid. In the Front viewpo
43、rt, go Transform/Rotate and find a spot near #1 in the figure below, then hold Shift and set the first reference point near #2, and second reference point near #3.在顶视图中,使用中心对齐镜像脚踏板的面。在前视图中,使用Transform/Rotate并且如下图靠近#1,然后按住Shift设置第一个参考点如下图#2,第二个参考点#3。-11.mht over-There are more accessories to model! R
44、evolve the screw curves shown below.还有很多附件要进行建模,旋转下列螺钉曲线。Select the curves shown below, and make a Sweep 1 Rail.选择下列曲线,进行1 rail扫描。Make the handle by revolving the curve shown below. Do the same for the buttonin the end of the handle. Use Object Snap End.旋转下列曲线完成手柄。在手柄底部用同样的方法完成按钮,使用目标捕捉端点。In the Top
45、 viewport, select the handle and the button. Mirror the surfaces, using Object Snap Mid.在俯视图中,选择手柄及按钮,选择目标捕捉中点,对面进行镜像。To create the rear light, select the curves shown below and repeat the steps used to complete the pedals: Go Surface/Rail revolve, and select the profile curve followed by the path curve. Use Object Snap End on while setting the start and end of the revolve axis.建立后灯模型,选择下图曲线重复制作脚蹬的步骤。选择Surface/Rail 旋转,选择轮廓曲线,捕捉端点设置转轴的两端点。Select the three curves and do a Sweep 2 Rails with default options.选择三条曲线用默认设置做2 rail放样。Now make a new layer called Details-1. Then use Ed
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