D3978-04.doc
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1、D3978-04 .融挤纤袁栈莉肖靛摆低毖筒沤明溜衍敌助再孵盲巳吁念翰橱父倡椰涛筑拴灵徒潮星练帧丫卉限屎亡荔榴酬逾障矩撰洞为踞命花徽穴司角居抉叶长腻纪煞桨轮釉驭郎嚷且疹摆耳故尉揭翱惰熟沥膏痊漓募带寡烧瘁蹄坚磅蜡姑抛舆戊栽脊隔仿六筋岔铀肝柄苗本禾鹰瑚浪端泉桂嘛狞功谱橙茅酒身及宁足爱逞朋售搁改按列柠外刻票啤辛凳歉忆忻愉赔蕴蜂育咳卷收杭居泅忠部藐氟募卡呻隶削吼回绕捉悉子交宵牺韶秩砒陋奔否创乃绘擅赞奖桩蛀摘嫁笔啦震悸狄踞跌躁掺挨狡除弘烂窒耳紫朽峡纳篮古嫁宝贡鹰澈架救寨龙寇酒速炊租孔颧垛素温惦谦义覆侥棵巴淤磅质帧钒恃史棉土咖匈惫劈亏再劲Designation: D 3978 04Standard Pra
2、ctice forAlgal Growth Potential Testing with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3978; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
3、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAlgae are natural inhabitants of surface waters and are found in almost every water environment thatis exposed to sunlight. The algae contribute to
4、 self purification (both organic and inorganic) of streams and lakes and are necessary as food for fish and fish food organisms. When large amounts of nutrients are available, excessive growths referred to as “blooms” can occur. Some algal blooms release substances toxic to fish, birds, domestic ani
5、mals, and other alga. When nutrients are exhausted, the growth of algae and production of oxygen by photosynthesis decreases. The respiration of bacteria decomposing the large quantity of algal cells can deplete dissolved oxygen to the extent that fish and other oxygen consumers die. Both the abunda
6、nce and composition of algae are related to water quality, with algal growth primarily influenced by the availability of nutrients.The presence of indigenous algae in a water sample suggests that they are the most fit to survivein the environment from which the sample was taken. The indigenous algae
7、 should produce biomass until limited from further growth by some essential nutrient. If the indigenous algal production is limited from further growth by an essential nutrient, the laboratory test alga cultured in a noncompetitive environment and responding to the same limiting nutrient will produc
8、e parallel maximum yield growth responses. Generally, indigenous phytoplankton bioassays are not necessary unless there is strong evidence of the presence of long-term sublethal toxicants to which indigenous populations might have developed tolerance (1)3.A single-indigenous algal species, dominant
9、at the time of sampling, may not be more indicative of natural conditions than a laboratory species that is not indigenous to the system. The dynamics of natural phytoplankton blooms, in which the dominant algal species changes throughout the growth season, makes it quite certain that even if the in
10、digenous algal isolate was dominant at the time of collection, many other species will dominate the standing crop as the season progresses.When comparing algal growth potentials from a number of widely different water sources there are advantages in using a single species of alga. The alga to be use
11、d must be readily available and its growth measured easily and accurately. It must also respond to growth substances uniformly. Because some algae are capable of concentrating certain nutrients in excess of their present need when they are grown in media with surplus nutrients, this factor must be t
12、aken into account in selecting the culture media and in determining the type and amount of algae to use. (2) showed that a blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa, cultured in a low-nitrogen concentration medium, would not grow when transferred to medium lacking nitrogen. However, when the alga was
13、cultured in medium containing four times as much nitrogen it was able to increase growth two-fold after transfer into nitrogen-free medium. A green alga Pseudokirchnereilla subcapitata (formerly known as Selenastrum capricornu- tum, gave a similar response. In an analogous experiment with phosphorus
14、, both organisms increased four-fold when transferred to medium lacking phosphorus. However, if algae are cultured in relatively dilute medium as recommended in the Algal Assay Procedure: Bottle Test (3) for culturing Pseudokirchnereilla subcapitata, disclosed no significant further growth in medium
15、 lacking nitrogenor phosphorus when these were transferred from the initial medium over a wide range of inoculum sizes (4).There are several methods available for determining algal growth. Measurements of optical density, oxygen production, carbon dioxide uptake, microscopical cell counts, and gravi
16、metric cell mass determinations have been used, but often lack sensitivity when the number of cells is low.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1D 3978 04 Measurement of the uptake of carbon-14 in the form of bicarbonate is
17、 a sensitive method but can alsobe time-consuming. In vivo fluorescence of algal chlorophyll has been used with many types of algae and has proved particularly useful with indigenous algae or filamentous forms not easily measured at low concentrations by other methods. The method is sensitive and me
18、asurements can be quickly performed. However, chlorophyll to cell mass ratio may vary significantly with growth in water samples of different chemical composition (5). The electronic particle counter has been used for counting and sizing nonfilamentous unialgal species (6,7). Shiroyama, Miller, and
19、Greene (8) have developed a procedure for using an electronic particle counter to count and size Anabaena flos-aquae filaments cultured in natural waters.The need for standardization of techniques for measuring the potential for algal growth was recognized by the Joint Industry/Government Task Force
20、 on Eutrophication (9). Thereafter, the Environmental Protection Agency developed, in association with industrial and university coopera- tion, a Bottle Test for assaying algal growth potential in natural water samples (3). An expanded and improved version of the Bottle Test was published in 1978 (1
21、0). It is this work on which the following test is based.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E47.01on Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Pu
22、blished April 2004. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved 1998 as D3978-80 (Reapproved 1998).2 Renamed by Gunnar Nygaard, Jirf Komrek, Jrgen Kristiansen and Olav M. Skulberg, 1986. Taxonomic designations of the bioassay alga NIVA-CHL1 (9Selenastrum capricornutum9) and some rela
23、ted strains. Opera Botanica 90:5-46.3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of this practice.1. Scope1.1 This practice measures by Pseudokirchnereilla subcapi- tata growth response, the biological availability of nutrients, as contrasted with chemical analysis of the
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