BS EN 1006-2009 纺织品和皮革色牢度的试验方法.pdf
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1、 W - - - - - - - - - 7- - 7- 7- - -7 - 7- 7 - 77- - - - $ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - W W D - w - - - - EN 1006:2009 (E) 2 Contents Foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Terms and definitions . 5 3 Selection of test-pieces 5 3.1 General . 5 3.2 Material homo
2、geneity and anisotropy 5 3.3 Test method accuracy 6 3.4 Sampling schemes for individual manufactured items 6 3.5 Sampling attributes of physically large units or blocks of material 7 3.6 Relevant evaluation criteria for ceramic components 8 Annex A (informative) Mechanical proof-testing . 9 Bibliogr
3、aphy . 10 EN 1006:2009 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 1006:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 184 “Advanced technical ceramics”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identica
4、l text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held res
5、ponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes ENV 1006:2003. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
6、Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. . EN 1006:2009 (E) 4 Introduction Advanced tech
7、nical ceramics have a wide range of applications and functions and, in the as- manufactured condition, have characteristics which require inspection by a variety of techniques not commonly adopted for other classes of material, e.g. mechanical proof testing. EN 1006:2009 (E) 5 1 Scope This European
8、standard gives guidance on selection of test-pieces for the evaluation of properties. Important factors requiring attention in the preparation of test samples from large components or blocks of material are also described. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European standard, the follo
9、wing terms and definitions apply. 2.1 batch population of manufactured units of a single type, grade, size and composition, manufactured under essentially the same conditions at the same time, from which a sample is to be taken for inspection and/or testing to determine the conformance with acceptab
10、ility criteria NOTE Sometimes referred to as a lot. 2.2 sample sample consists of one or more manufactured units taken from a batch, these being selected at random without regard for their quality 2.3 sample size number of units in a sample 3 Selection of test-pieces 3.1 General The basis of any ins
11、pection of any material or batch of manufactured units is to obtain sound information on their fitness for purpose (quality). Advanced technical ceramics are diverse in material, format and application as are the methods devised to test their fitness for purpose. Before arranging any inspection or t
12、esting scheme it is wise to consider in depth the nature of the material, its final format in relation to test-pieces required for tests, the accuracy of test methods and the failure criticality in its application. NOTE It is not the purpose of this European standard to define criteria for fitness f
13、or purpose. This is subject to agreement between parties. 3.2 Material homogeneity and anisotropy 3.2.1 Most advanced technical ceramic materials are made by powder technology processes involving the formation of a rigidized powder mass (e.g. pressing, slip casting, etc.) before subjecting this to a
14、 densification process (e.g. sintering, reaction bonding, hot pressing). The homogeneity and isotropy of the rigidized powder mass and the control imposed during the subsequent densification process can exert a considerable influence on the homogeneity of the final densified product. Consequently, a
15、ttributes can vary from one place to another within a component or between components of the same batch. 3.2.2 One of the principal sources of a variation of attributes is density, arising from inhomogeneity of unfired (green) density, which has a subsequent significant effect on many mechanical pro
16、perties. Large localised variations in unfired density are usually manifest as excessive distortion in firing, porous regions, or cracking. Other varying attributes are grain size (usually resulting from varying heat EN 1006:2009 (E) 6 treatment conditions between components) and chemical compositio
17、n (usually resulting from inhomogeneous interaction between initial powder particles or between particles and the atmosphere, perhaps involving the migration of species). 3.2.3 Material inhomogeneity is most prevalent in large components or blocks of material, or in components requiring special firi
18、ng conditions. It is frequently met with during material development, but is usually minimised during commercial product development. Material anisotropy is sometimes encountered in materials which have some form of directional microstructure. This may result, for example, from a combination of the
19、initial powder particle shape and the rigidizing process to make a green shape, or during firing if uniaxial hot pressing is employed. Attributes subsequently determined can be dependent on the direction in which a test-piece is cut and in which the property or characteristic is determined. 3.3 Test
20、 method accuracy 3.3.1 Most test methods specifically developed for advanced technical ceramics have associated with them a possible uncertainty of result determined by the accuracy of individual contributions from each parameter involved in the measurement. The potential uncertainties arising shall
21、 be taken into account when examining the consistency of a parameter within a batch of units or between batches, or examining whether it meets a given specification level. 3.3.2 It should be noted that in cases where the scatter of results of a test is similar to or less than that attributable to th
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